Lipid bodies

Fig. 1. Transmission electron micrograph of a section of a mature, hydrated soybean cotyledon. Protein bodies (PB), lipid bodies (LB), and cell wall (CW)...

Fig. 4. An apoptotic peripheral blood eosinophil observed under EM. The apoptotic cell displays the characteristic condensation of nuclear chromatin into large, electron-dense masses surrounding the central, relatively electron-lucent nuclear matrix. The swelling and breakage of plasma and perinuclear membranes and the release of the contents of granules from swollen, enlarged, electron-lucent granule containers within secretory cells are also observed. A single osmiophilic lipid body is found in the cytoplasm (x 18,500) (D6). Reproduced with permission from Dvorak, A. M., Images in clinical medicine, an apoptotic eosinophil. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 437 (1999).

FIGURE 16-21 Electron micrograph of a germinating cucumber seed, showing a glyoxysome, mitochondria, and surrounding lipid bodies. 

DC59 7 Carrot Lipid body protein Sd Hatzopoulos et al., 1990... 

Hatzopoulos, P., Franz, G., Choy, L. Sung, R.Z. (1990). Interaction of nuclear factors with upstream sequences of a lipid body membrane protein gene from carrot. The Plant Cell 2, 457-67. 

TCDD in serum lipid is in equilibrium with total body lipid 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations and that in an average adult 22% of the body weight is lipid. Body burdens were calculated (see Table 2-1) for the human studies reporting serum (or tissue) lipid 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations. If only current serum... 

Exposure duration Effect Mean Range Serum level (pg/g lipid) Body burdenc (ng/kg) Elimination half-life (years) Reference... 

Electron microscopy of radish radicle, a) and b) Details of cortical cells from radicles of 2 h-imbibed control seeds, (a) Note the abundance of protein reserves in protein bodies (PB) and lipid reserves in the peripheral cytoplasm (arrows), (b) Numerous mitochondria (M) are visible among lipid bodies (L). (c-e) Details of cells from radicles of 16 h-imbibed control seeds, (c) Cortical parenchyma cells. The protein bodies have converted into normal vacuoles (V) and lipid reserves have been partially depleted, (d) Detail of epidermal cell showing a plastid (P) containing starch deposits (S). (e) Detail of cortical cell, showing several mitochondria (M) and a microbody (Mb). 

Fig. 7.11. Comparison of the fine structure of the membranes of the eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta and H. nana. Note in H. nana (in contrast to H. diminuta) (a) the embryophore is thin and incomplete - a feature which may facilitate hatching in the gut of the definitive host (b) there is an additional polar filament layer between the oncospheral membrane and the basal lamina. Gc, Golgi complex ger, granular endoplasmic reticulum /, lipid bodies m, mitochondria n, nucleus v, vacuoles. (After Fairweather Threadgold, 1981a Holmes Fairweather, 1982.)...

Murphy, D.J. 2001. The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Progr. Lipid Res. 40, 325-438. 

Murphy, D.J., Vance, J. 1999. Mechanisms of lipid-body formation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24, 109-115. 

Seeds, The seeds are produced in pods containing two or three seeds. The kernels are almost spherical to roughly cylindrical (0.4—1.1 g each) and consist of a thin coat (testa) containing two cotyledons and the embryo. Cotyledons contain protein bodies, lipid bodies, and starch granules. 

To rupture spherosomes or lipid bodies, thus freeing the oil for greater calorie availability and use. 

Biopolymers are found in specific parts of the grain (Fig. 1.1) (Prego et ah, 1998). For instance, starch grains (Fig. 1.2) occupy the cells of the perisperm, while lipid bodies, protein bodies with globoid crystals of phytin, and proplastids with deposits of phytoferritin are the storage components of the endosperm and embryo tissues (Ando et ah, 2002 ... 

An enlargement section of a cell of the endosperm showing lipid bodies (L) and protein bodies (PB), next to endoplasmic reticulum (Prego et at, 1998. Reproduced with author s permission). 

A final aspect of cyclooxygenase biosynthesis of prostaglandins is the cellular location of the enzymes. A number of investigators (280, 290) have described a preference for COX-2 to localize to nuclear membranes compared to COX-l, although this is cell and stimulus dependent Recent publications have also described COX-2 location in lipid bodies and in [caveoli (314). 

P.F. Weller and A.M. Dvorak, Lipid bodies Intracellular sites for eicosanoid formation, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.,... 

P. F. Weller, Co-compartmentalization of MAP kinases and cytosolic phospholipase A2 at cytoplasmic aracliidotiale-ricli lipid bodies. Am. J. Pathol., 1998, 152, 759-769. 

W. Yu, J. Cassara, and P.F. Weller, Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase localizes to cytoplasmic lipid bodies in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and other myeloid-derived cells. Blood, 2000, 95, 1078-1085. 

A. Pol, R. Luettereorst, M. Lindsay, S. Heino, E. Ikonen, and R.G. Parton, A caveolin dominant negative mutant associates with lipid bodies and induces intracellular cholesterol imbalance, J. Cell. Biol., 2001, 352, 1057-1070. 

Third harmonic generation (THG), a three-photon analog of SHG, also provides structurally based contrast. In particular, lipid bodies have been shown to provide a major source of THG, allowing lipoid metabolism to be studied without the use of exogenous probes (De-barre et al. 2006). This was also used by Beaurepaire and coworkers in their two-photon imaging study of embryo development, where THG imaging gave them additional information on the dynamics of lipid-rich tissue and yolk structures (Supatto et al. 2005). 

Debarre D, Supatto W. Pena AM, Fabre A, Tordjmann T, Combettes L, Schanne-Klein MC, Beaurepaire E (2006) Imaging lipid bodies in cells and tissues using third-harmonic generation microscopy. Nat Methods 3 47-53... 

Cells from the control (embryos not exposed to freezing conditions) displayed features typically found in hydrated and metabolically active cells numerous mitochondria nuclei exhibiting fairly disperse chromatin and plastids with highly dense stroma could be seen (Figure 42.3a and Figure 42.4a and b). Starch, lipids, and proteins were the reserves present in plastids, lipid bodies, and vacuoles, respectively. 

LM of sections of the axis showing the cortical parenchyma after staining with Sudan Black B. (a) Control (b) rapid cooling (c) slow cooling. Coalescence of lipid bodies can be observed (arrowheads). Abbreviations Protein vacuole (pv) starch (s). Bar = 20 p,m. 

Lipids. Dinitroaniline herbicides are effective on small-seeded, lipid-poor species. Hilton and Christiansen (7) examined the level of seed lipid and the susceptibility of a plant to trifluralin and found a good correlation between the two. These authors concluded that the herbicides would be compartmentalized into the lipid bodies of the seed and away from the growing tip of the plant. Upadhyaya and Nooden (8) even found that there is a differential between susceptible and tolerant species in the uptake of oryzalin into the membrane system, indicating that more than the seed lipids may be involved in determining dinitroaniline sensitivity. Chernicky (9) investigated the possibilities that alterations in the amount of lipid is involved in the resistance of Eleusine to dinitroaniline herbicides. Both susceptible (S) and resistant (R) biotypes had less total lipid than tolerant crop species and even most sensitive weed species. The S biotype had actually 36% more total lipid in the roots than the R biotype (a result opposite to what one would expect if higher lipid content correlates dinitroaniline resistance). 

The acetyl-CoA used in the glyoxylate cycle is derived from the breakdown of fatty acids (/3-oxidation, see Chapter 12). In organisms with the appropriate enzymes, glucose can be produced from two-carbon compounds such as ethanol and acetate. In plants the reactions are localized within lipid bodies, glyoxysomes, mitochondria, and the cytoplasm. 

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