Embryo development

Anthrahydroquinones have been patented in Japan as bird repeUents (73), and anthraquinone [84-65-1] (qv) is used widely in Europe as a spray to protect growing crops and as a wood dressing. The synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin [52918-63-5] (27) was evaluated (74), as were other materials, including bendiocarb (20) (75) and 20,25-dia2ocholesterol dihydrochloride [1249-84-9] (Omitrol) (28), a steroid that inhibits embryo development when adsorbed or ingested as a seed treatment of bait com (55,76). 

Puromycin. Puromycin (19), elaborated by S. alboniger (1—4), inhibits protein synthesis by replacing aminoacyl-tRNA at the A-site of peptidyltransferase (48,49). Photosensitive analogues of (19) have been used to label the A-site proteins of peptidyltransferase and tRNA (30). Compound (19), and its carbocycHc analogue have been used to study the accumulation of glycoprotein-derived free sialooligosaccharides, accumulation of mRNA, methylase activity, enzyme transport, rat embryo development, the acceptor site of human placental 80S ribosomes, and gene expression in mammalian cells (51—60). 

Hahnel, A.C., Gifford, D.J., Heikkila, J.J., Schultz, G.A. (1986). Expression of the major heat shock protein hsp70 family during early mouse embryo development Teratogen. Carcinog. Mutagen. 6, 493-510. 

Choi, T., Aoki, E, Mori, M., Yamashita, M., Nagahama, Y., and Kohmoto, K. (1991). Activation of p34nfc2 protein kinase activity in meiotic and mitotic cell cycles in mouse oocytes and embryos. Development 113 789-795. 

Dalby, B., and Glover, D. M. (1992). 3 non-translated sequences in Drosophila cyclin B transcripts direct posterior pole accumulation late in oogenesis and perinuclear association in syncitial embryos. Development 115 989-997. 

McConnell, J., and Lee, M. (1989). Presence of cdc2+-like proteins in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Development 107 481-487. 

Raff, J. W Whitfield, W. G. F, and Glover, D. M. (1990). Two distinct mechanisms localise cyclin B transcripts in syncitial Drosophila embryos. Development 110 1249-1261. 

Candia, A. F., Hu, J Crosby, J Lalley, R A., Noclen, D Nadeau, J., and Wright, C. V. E (1992). Mox-1 and Mox-2 define a novel homeobox gene subfamily and are differentially expressed during early mesodermal patterning in mouse embryos. Development 116 1123-1136. 

Serbedzija, G. N., Bronner-Fraser, M., and Fraser, S. E. (1992). Vital dye analysis of cranial neural crest cell migration in the mouse embryo. Development 116 297-307. 

Foe VE 1989 Mitotic domains reveal early commitment of cells in Drosophila embryos. Development 107 1—22... 

Boyd L, Guo S, Levitan D, Stinchcomb DT, Kemphues KJ 1996 PAR-2 is asymmetrically distributed and promotes association of P granules and PAR-1 with the cortex in C. elegant embryos. Development 122 3075-3084... 

Hung TJ, Kemphues KJ 1999 PAR-6 is a conserved PDZ domain-containing protein that colocalizes with PAR-3 in Caenorhabditit elegant embryos. Development 126 127—135 Izumi Y, Hirose T, Tamai Y et al 1998 An atypical PKC directly associates and colocalizes at the epithelial tight junction with ASIP, a mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditit elegant polarity protein PAR-3. J Cell Biol 143 95-106... 

Cheng NN, Kirby CM, Kemphues KJ 1995 Control of cleavage spindle orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans-. the role of the genes par-2 and par-3. Genetics 139 549-559 Edgar LG, Wolf N, Wood WB 1994 Early transcription in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Development 120 443—451... 

Kellogg, D.R., Michison, T.J., and Alberts, B.M. (1988) Behavior of microtubules and actin filaments in living Drosophila embryos. Development (Cambridge, UK) 103, 675. 

Modified from Hoffman, D.J. and W.C. Eastin, Jr. 1981. Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity. Environ. Res. 26 472-485. 

Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas 55 62% of exposed embryos developed abnormally in 48 h 1... 

Growth and fertilization rate normal liver copper >70 mg/kg DW 63% of embryos developed normally (2)... 

Reduced food intake and efficiency of food use, altered iron metabolism, clinical signs of copper deficiency. Onset of puberty delayed 10 weeks, decreased conception rate (fertility 12-33% vs. 57-80% in controls), disrupted estrus cycle (67% were anestrus vs. 7% in controls), and other signs consistent with decreased releases of luteinizing hormones associated with altered ovarian secretion (3, 4) Growth and fertilization normal liver copper 10 mg/kg DW only 16% of embryos developed normally (2)... 

Malekinejad H, Schoevers EJ, Daemen IJ, Zijlstra C, Colenbrander B, Fink-Gremmels F, Roelen BAJ (2007) Exposure of oocytes to the Fusarium toxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol causes aneuploidy and abnormal embryo development in pigs. Biol Reprod 77 840-847 Maragos CM, Appell MD (2007) Capillary electrophoresis of the mycotoxin zearalenone using cyclodextrin-enhanced fluorescence. J Chromatogr A 1143 252-257... 

In doses of 1.2 mg Ni/kg and up to 20 mg Ni/kg, nickel chloride caused increased resorption rates and a number of malformations in murine foetuses, specific to the foetal skeletal system, as shown by atomic absorption [425]. It was believed that nickel chloride might influence embryos during the passage through the oviduct, with subsequent effect on the development after implantation [426]. Preimplantation mouse embryos have also been used to investigate toxic effects of nickel chloride on early embryo development in vitro, and a dose-dependent effect has been found [427]. 

Schoenwaelder MEA (2002b) Physode distribution and the effects of Thallus Sunburn in Hormosira banksii (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). Bot Mar 45 262-266 Schoenwaelder MAE, Wiencke C, Clayton MN, Glombitza KW (2003) The effect of elevated UV radiation on Fucus spp. (Fucales, Phaeophyta) zygote and embryo development. Plant Biol 5 366-377... 

Vitamin A has a rich associated human physiology. It is associated with vision, regulation of gene expression, reproduction, embryo development, and immune function. We cannot manage all of this but let s get started with vision. 

Oberlin E, Tavian M, Blazsek I and Peault B (2002). Blood-forming potential of vascular endothelium in the human embryo. Development. 129(17) 4147-57. 

Tavian M, Hallais MF, Peault B (1999). Emergence of intraembryonic hematopoietic precursors in the pre liver human embryo. Development 126 793-803. 

Costanzi, C., Stein, P., Worrad, D.M., Schultz, R.M., and Pehrson, J.R. (2000) Histone macroH2Al is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome of female preimplantation embryos. Development 127, 2283-2289. 

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