Linoleic sodium linoleate

Refluxing linoleic acid and a primary or secondary alkyl amine with -toluenesulfonic acid in toluene for 8—18 h also yields the substituted amides (32—34). The reaction of methyl esters with primary or secondary amines to make substituted amides is catalyzed with sodium methoxide. Reactions are rapid at 30°C under anhydrous conditions (35). Acid chlorides can also be used. Ai,A/-dibutyloleamide [5831-80-17 has been prepared from oleoyl chloride and dibutyl amine (36). 

Cobalt(II) acetylacetonate [14024-48-7] cobalt(II) ethyUiexanoate [136-52-7] cobalt(II) oleate [14666-94-5] cobalt(II) linoleate [14666-96-7] cobalt(II) formate [6424-20-0], and cobalt(II) resinate can be produced by metathesis reaction of cobalt salt solutions and the sodium salt of the organic acid, by oxidation of cobalt metal in the presence of the acid, and by neutralization of the acid using cobalt carbonate or cobalt hydroxide. 

Sodium dodecyl sulfate and hydrogen dodecyl sulfate have been used as catalysts in the denitrosation iV-nitroso-iV-methyl-p-toluenesulfonamide [138]. The kinetics of condensation of benzidine and p-anisidine with p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde was studied by spectrophotometry in the presence of micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate, with the result that the surfactant increases the rate of reaction [188]. The kinetics of reversible complexation of Ni(II) and Fe(III) with oxalatopentaaminecobalt(III) has been investigated in aqueous micellar medium of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The reaction occurs exclusively on the micellar surface [189]. Vitamin E reacts rapidly with the peroxidized linoleic acid present in linoleic acid in micellar sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions, whereas no significant reaction occurs in ethanol solution [190]. 

A soap-based powder can be produced in combination with ester sulfonates. Thirty-five percent of a sodium soap mixture (5% lauric acid, 5% myristic acid, 52% palmitic acid, 21% stearic acid, 12% oleic acid, and 5% linoleic acid) is mixed with 15% sodium a-sulfo palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, 3% lauric acid ethoxylate, 5% sodium silicate, 17% sodium carbonate, 20% Na2S04- 10H2O, and 5% water [79]. 

C12 to C20, primarily Ci6 to ( is), used as surface lubricants in the manufacture of food-contact articles. The method, which uses ethyl palmitate (Eastman Chemicals No. 1575 Red Label) as an internal standard, has been validated at 200 ppm total FAME [185]. Other FAME standards (methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate) are available (Applied Science Laboratories) [116], Worked out examples of additive determinations are given in the Food Additives Analytical Manual [116], which also describes a great many of indirect food additives, such as BHA, BHT, TBHQ, l-chloro-2-propanol, DLTDP, fatty acid methyl esters, w-heptyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl-gallate, sodium benzoate, sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate, sorbitol and phenolic antioxidants. EPA methods 606 and 8060 describe the CGC separation of phthalate esters (direct injection) (cf. Figure 4.2). 

Soaps are composed of sodium salts of various fatty acids. These acids include those with the general structure CH3-(CH2) -COOH where n = 6 (caprylic acid), 8 (capric acid), 10 (lauric acid), 12 (myristic acid), 14 (palmitic acid), and 16 (stearic acid). Oleic acid (CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH) and linoleic acid (CH3-(CH2)4-CH=CH- H2-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH) are also common soap ingredients. These sodium salts readily dissolve in water, but other metal ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ form precipitates with the fatty acid anions. For example, the dissolution of the sodium salt of lauric acid and the subsequent formation of a precipitate of the lauric acid anion with calcium ion is given by... 

The acintols (mixture of oleic and linoleic acids) were found to give better results compared to sodium oleate. This can be attributed to the presence of linoleic acid, which has two double bonds. Furthermore, the rate of monazite flotation increased with the acintol than with the sodium oleate. 

CZE-ELD, with a An microelectrode at —0.6 V vs. SCSE and a Pt wire as auxiliary electrode, using sodium borate buffer and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide for dynamic coating of the capillary internal surface, can be applied for separation and determination of hydroperoxides in ultra-trace amounts. Thus, various hydroperoxides derived from linoleic acid undergo total dissociation to carboxylates in borate buffer however, due to their similar molecular masses, in order to resolve the ELD signals, it is necessary to add /3 -cyclodextrin (83) to form complexes with the analytes and reduce their mobility, in accordance with the value of the complexation equilibrium constants . 

Micellar and pre-micellar solutions of methanol in triolein were studied with three different surfactant systems using 2-octanol as a co-surfactant. Surfactants evaluated by viscosity, conductivity, density, refractive index and particle size data along with polarizing microscopic examinations were bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate, triethylammonium linoleate and tetradecyldimethylammonium linoleate. Data show phase equilibria regions of liquid crystalline phases as well as micellar solutions. All systems were effective for solubilizing methanol in triolein. The order of effectiveness for water tolerance is Tetradecyldimethylammonium linoleate>... 

The bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate system was initially investigated because its structure of liquid crystalline solution phases and mechanism of solubilization with water had been reported by Rogers and Winsor (10). In our studies, we substituted methanol for water. Table I lists critical micelle concentrations for bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate, triethylammonium linoleate and tetradecyldimethylammonium linoleate in methanol and 2-octanol at 25°C. Literature references for critical micelle concentrations in methanol are sparse, and it has even been suggested that in polar solvents such as ethanol, either micellization does not occur or, if it does, only to a small degree (4). The data of Table I show that micellization occurs in methanol at low concentrations. 

Figures 7, 8 and 9 are plots at 25 C of specific conductance and density versus volume fraction of methanol in 2/1 triolein/ surfactant systems which are 4/1 molar ratios of 2-octanol to bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate, triethylammonium linoleate and tetradecyldimethylammonium linoleate, respectively. For each surfactant system, a maximum for specific conductance and a minimum for density was observed at the same volume fraction, but this volume fraction of methanol varied between the three surfactant systems. At volume fractions of methanol above these abrupt changes, each system exhibited translucence, and it appears that gel-like structures form. These data are consistent for microemulsion structures that are based largely on geometric considerations (16-18).

Figure 10 is a ternary diagram for the systems Triolein/S/ Methanol, where S is respectively 4/1 molar ratios of 2-octanol to bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate, triethylammonium linoleate or tetradecyldimethyl ammonium linoleate at 25°C. Not much difference is noted between phase areas for the triethylammonium linoleate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate systems. Both are definitely inferior to the tetradecyldimethylammonium linoleate which shows the greatest solubilized area of methanol in triolein at 25°C. 

Figure 10. Ternary phase diagram at 298°K for systems of methanol in triolein with surfactant systems of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate, triethylammonium linoleate and tetradecyldimethylammonimum linoleate with 4/1 molar ratios of 2-octanol as co-surfactant.

Figure 11. Bar graph of water tolerances at 298°K for triolein/ surfactant/ methanol (6/3/1) systems where surfactant is a 4/1 molar ratio of 2-octanol to either bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate, triethylammonium linoleate or tetradecyldimethylammonium linoleate.

Studies are currently underway in Moscow on the suitability of using sodium caseinate nanoparticles as carriers for phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) containing > 80% unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic). In particular, it has been established that phosphatidylcholine oxidation can be reduced, or effectively eliminated altogether, in dispersed systems containing complexes with the protein (see Figure 2.4). 

Oleic acid is the principal fatty acid of olive oil (83% ), which also contains smaller amounts of the saturated palmitic (6%) and stearic (4%) and of the doubly unsaturated linoleic acid (7%). The NMR spectrum of the archaeological sample was closely matched by spectra of commercial oleic acid (Figure 2) as well as by mixtures of the acid with its sodium and potassium salts (Figure 3). 

Substitute milk products may not be equivalent to cow s milk in terms of the quantity and in some cases the quality of fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals. Fat, carbohydrate, sodium, fiber, and energy, as well as the nutrients for which no U.S. RDA has been established, were not considered by FDA in its proposed definition of nutritional equivalency. In terms of quality, coconut oil, the primary and in most instances the sole fat used in substitute as well as imitation milk products, is a more saturated fat than milk fat and lacks linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid. Thus, a substitute dairy product formulated with hydrogenated coconut oil and sucrose and containing more so-... 

On the other hand, BF3 (see Basic Protocol 1), as well as other acidic catalysts, will change the double-bond configuration of fatty acids that contain conjugated dienes. As research on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other conjugated fatty acids becomes more popular, it is essential not to provide misinformation about compositional analysis due to improper application of a methylation protocol (Li and Watkins, 1998). The basic catalysts perform better on lipids rich in fatty acids with unique conjugated diene structures. Isomerization and artifacts are not produced when sodium methoxide or TMG are used as transesterification agents... 

Furimsky E, Howard JA, Selwyn J (1980) Absolute rate constants for hydrocarbon autoxidation. 28. A low temperature kinetic electron spin resonance study of the self- reactions of isopropylperoxy and related secondary alkylperoxy radicals in solution. Can J Chem 58 677-680 Gebicki JM, Allen AO (1969) Relationship between critical micelle concentration and rate of radiolysis of aqueous sodium linolenate. J Phys Chem 73 2443-2445 Gebicki JM, Bielski BHJ (1981) Comparison of the capacities of the perhydroxyl and the superoxide radicals to initiate chain oxidation of linoleic acid. J Am Chem Soc 103 7020-7022 Gilbert BC, Holmes RGG, Laue HAH, Norman ROC (1976) Electron spin resonance studies, part L. Reactions of alkoxyl radicals generated from alkylhydroperoxidesand titanium(lll) ion in aqueous solution. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2 1047-1052... 

Patterson LK, Hasegawa K (1978) Pulse radiolysis studies in model lipid systems. The influence of aggregation on kinetic behavior of OH induced radicals in aqueous sodium linoleate. Ber Bun-senges Phys Chem 82 951-956... 

Freyaldenhoven MA, Lehman PA, Franz TJ, Lloyd RV, Samokyszyn YM. Retinoic acid-dependent stimulation of 2,2 -azobis(2-amidinopropane)-initiated autoxidation of linoleic acid in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles a novel prooxidant effect of retinoic acid. Chem Res Toxicol 1998 11 102-110. 

Refined and bleached rapeseed oil were obtained from Onbio Co. Ltd. (Pucheon-Si, Korea). Table 1 presents the fatty acid composition and characteristics of rapeseed oil. Reference standards of FAMES such as palmitic, stearic, linolenic, linoleic, and oleic methyl ester of >99% purity were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Methanol and catalysts such as KOH, NaOH, and sodium methoxide were analytical-grade chemicals. 

Eichner486 reported the results of an interesting experiment. By interacting a sodium linoleate solution, already containing 10 mol% hydroperoxide, with a preheated glucose-lysine system, he showed that the proportion of hexanal formed was reduced from 0.35 to 0.09 mol mol 1 peroxide decomposed. Concomitantly,... 

Sandmeyer reaction, 24, 22 Saponification, of an ester, 26, 30 with sodium cyanide, 26, 54 of ethyl linoleate, 22, 78 of ethyl linolenate, 22, 84 of natural oils, 22, 75, 79, 82 of p-nitrobenzyl acetate, 24, 81 Screen, protective, 22, 97 Seal, rubber tube, for stirrer shaft, 21, to... 

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