Ternary diagrams

The ternary diagrams shown in Figure 22 and the selectivi-ties and distribution coefficients shown in Figure 23 indicate very good correlation of the ternary data with the UNIQUAC equation. More important, however, Table 5 shows calculated and experimental quarternary tie-line compositions for five of Henty s twenty measurements. The root-mean-squared deviations for all twenty measurements show excellent agreement between calculated and predicted quarternary equilibria. 

A thorough review of the principles of siUcon and ferrosiUcon refining has been pubUshed (5,6). The equiUbrium ternary diagram between the Si02—CaO—AI2O2 slag and the Si—Al—Ca alloy at 1550°C is shown in Figure 1 (6). 

TABLE 15-2 Spreadsheet for Right Triangular Ternary Diagram of Water/Acetic Acid/MIBK Liquid-Liquid-Equilibrium Data at 25" C in Fig. 15-7... 

FIG. 15-9 Hand-type ternary diagram for water-acetic acid-methyl isohiityl ketone. 

For a ternai y system, the phase diagram appears much like that in conventional liquid-liquid equilibrium. However, because a SCF solvent is compressible, the slopes of the tie lines (distribution coefficients) and the size of the two-phase region can vary significantly with pressure as well as temperature. Furthermore, at lower pressures, LLV tie-triangles appear upon the ternary diagrams and can become quite large. 

Fig. 7.12. Countercurrent extraction column with material balance in the ternary diagram.

Counter-current extraction columns are used. Figure 7.12 shows the counter-current extraction column with a ternary diagram for material balance and equilibrium curve. 

Kostevich and Sapozhnikov have carried out extensive studies on the nitration of toluene to mononitrotoluene, using nitrating mixts of various compns and determining the compn of mixts leading to dinitrotoluene. Their results are shown in the ternary diagram of Fig 3... 

Null (1970) gives a computer program for the calculation of ternary diagrams from vie data, using the Van-Laar equation. 

Frequently, ternary solvent systems are resorted to. Examples are water-propylene glycol-benzyl alcohol and water-propylene glycol-ethanol. In such cases the solubility profile is usually presentable by a ternary diagram [12]. This type of diagram usually demands a fair amount of work that is, solubility of the drug substance in many solvent compositions must... 

Fig. 3 Ternary diagram of solubility of a compound in a ternary mixture with linear solubility response. (Inset) Concentration of drug in compositions with constant concentration of B. The composition of the solute is the constant concentration of B, the concentration of A in the abscissa, and the complement concentration of the third component. The drug solubility response is linear in the A concentration in this case.

Fig. 4 Ternary diagram and tie line concentration in a nonlinear system.

If the azeotrope is not sensitive to changes in pressure, then an entrainer can be added to the distillation to alter in a favorable way the relative volatility of the key components. Before the separation of an azeotropic mixture using an entrainer is considered, the representation of azeotropic distillation in ternary diagrams needs to be introduced. 

For a simple distillation column separating a ternary system, once the feed composition has been fixed, three-product component compositions can be specified, with at least one for each product. The remaining compositions will be determined by colinearity in the ternary diagram. For a binary distillation only two product compositions can be specified independently, one in each product. Once the mass balance has been specified, the column pressure, reflux (or reboil ratio) and feed condition must also be specified. 

The composition points, the tie-lines and the phase envelope showing the multiphase regions were then plotted on the ternary diagram. Micellar solutions were selected... 

Figure 12.7 Basic points of the ternary diagram in which individual parameters were determined experimentally agent concentrations are quoted in g/l [89]...

The military explosives RDX and HMX are manufactured from the 3 components using the Bachman process. Some of the possible mixtures may lead to fires in open vessels and explosions under confinement, and the exothermic and other effects (some calculated by the CHETAH program) for a wide range of mixtures are presented as ternary diagrams. It was also found that acetic anhydride layered onto solutions of ammonium nitrate in nitric acid exploded, owing to formation of acetyl nitrate. 

The chemistry of the Ebro River basin surface water can be classified using ternary diagrams (Piper diagrams, not shown). The main characteristics of the surface water of the Ebro River can be mainly summarised as Ca-SCL water type, some data plot in the Ca-HCC>3 field, they reflect water draining the upper part of the basin. In the Ebro surface waters, Ca varies from 30% up to 80% of the X 1 while Mg fluctuates from 5% up to 40% of the X+. The total concentration major cations (X+ = Ca2+ + Mg2+ + Na+ + K+) ranges from 3.4 to 11.5 meq L 1 with a mean value of 7.4 1.6 meq L-1 upstream in Mendavia, from 5.9 to 17.9 5 meq L-1 with a mean value of 10.8 2.5 meq L 1 downstream in Tortosa with a pick in Sastago (mean value X+ = 16.0 6.6 meq L ). These data are... 

The ternary diagram in Figure 4 shows the composition of crude oil samples based on the content of normal plus isoalkenes (parafliins), cycloalkenes (naphtenes), and aromatic hydrocarbons plus polar, heteroatomic compounds (NSO). 

Figure 4. Ternary diagram showing the composition of six classes of crude oils based on the analysis of 541 oils (from Engel and Macho, 1993).

FIGURE 4.1 Ternary diagram showing representative crude oils and their respective composition in respect to paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. Note the clustering of the California crudes toward the naphthenes and the Oklahoma crudes toward the paraffins. 

FIGURE 4.13 Ternary diagram showing relative percentages of normal alkanes, branched-... 

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