Industrial symbiosis

Sometimes, waste streams can be recycled directly, but between different processes. Waste streams from one process can become the feedstock for another. The scope for such industrial symbiosis is often not fully realized since it often means waste being transferred between different business units within a company or between different companies. 

In this section, we describe optimization of an industrial ecosystem (IE) having 6 plants for multiple economic and environmental objectives. The motivation and model of this IE follows that of Singh and Lou (2006) for an IE with 4 plants. The industrial symbiosis of Kalundborg, Denmark (Jacobsen, 2006), is the classic example of an IE. It began in 1961 when there was limited supply of ground water and the oil refinery, Statoil, initiated a project to utilize the surface water from Lake Tiss0. Thereafter, the number of partners gradually increased as about 20 more collaborative projects were introduced. Today, there are a total of 8... 

Jacobsen, N. B. (2006). Industrial Symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark A Quantitative Assessment of Economic and Environmental Aspects, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 10, pp. 239-255. 

For an auspicious start, cf Jeffrey Allan Johnson, The academic-industrial symbiosis in German chemical research, 1905-1939, working paper 5.62. Center for German and European Studies, University of California-Berkeley, May 1997. 

Eco-efficiency studies can be performed at all levels of the industrial system from the process over the plant to the product (life cycle) or conglomerate of industries for an industrial symbiosis system (Duflou et al. 2012). In order to avoid problem shifting when working to increase eco-efficiency of an activity (i.e., to inadvertently create environmental problems elsewhere so the overall eco-efficiency is not increased), it is recommended to apply a life cycle perspective on the activity and to address all relevant environmental impacts of the activity. 

Elirenfeld, Jolm R. and Marian R. Chertow, Industrial Symbiosis The Legacy of Kalundborg, Chapter 27 in A Handbook of Industrial Ecology, Robert U. Ayres and Leshe W. Ayres, Editors, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U.K., p. 334—348. 

The academic-industrial symbiosis in German chemical research, 1905-1939... 

It is commonly asserted that the German chemical industry achieved world leadership during the late nineteenth century in large part because it was the first to develop a truly symbiotic relationship with German academic chemists—i.e., a close, mutually profitable cooperation on many levels. Yet many aspects of that cooperation and the origins of industrial research itself remain obscure, their details only beginning to emerge from industrial and academic archives. Despite a few useful earlier studies, until recently the development of the academic-industrial symbiosis after 1914 was even... 

At the turn of the century, the academic-industrial symbiosis still primarily consisted of its classical core, which had developed in the course of the nineteenth century, mainly in the coal-tar dye industry. That core lay in a threefold relationship, each dimension reinforcing the other. The first dimension grew out of personal ties between industrial chemists and their friends and collaborators in academe, often former mentors as exemplified in the relationship of A. W. von Hofmann and Carl Martius of the AG fiir Anilinfabrikation (Agfa) dye works these ties were maintained and formalized by professional organizations like the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (DCG or German Chemical Society, fd. 1867) and the Verein Deutscher Chemiker (VDC or Association of German Chemists, fd. 1887 as... 

By the turn of the century, not only had the academic-industrial symbiosis begun to be attractive to other fields, which sought to emulate the coal-tar dye model, but the very success of the coal-tar dye symbiosis had... 

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS THE ACADEMIC-INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS AND CHEMISTRY... 

The sense of understanding between chemical research and industry had a tradition behind it in Germany. The proverbial "academic-industrial symbiosis" had led long before the war to a common tongue and provided the foundations for an expanded systematic cooperation in the domains of war economy and war technology. Direct interactions of chemical industry and research with governmental authorities likewise took place... 

Within the local collaboration public and private enterprises buy and sell primary and residual products, which results in mutual economic and environmental benefits. The experiences from the industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg showed that regional cooperation and network formations may work in practice. 

Symbiosis. Kalundborg Symbiosis is the world s first working industrial symbiosis. 2014. http //www.symbiosis.dk/en [accessed online 11/2014]. 

Two words highhght the interaction between university and industry - symbiosis and synergy. Not only do the two partners depend on each other and derive mumal benefit from the partnership, but also the overall impact can be much greater when the two partners function in phase and in resonance. It is necessary to create a win-win situation for both partners. 

Yuan, Z. and Shi, L. 2009. Improving enterprise competitive advantage with industrial symbiosis case study of a smeltery in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 1295-1302. 

Chertow (2007) describes how industrial symbiosis evolved at the industrial park in Kalundborg (Denmark), shown in Fig. 9.13. 

Chertow, M. (2000). Industrial symbiosis Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and Environment, 25, 313-337. 

Chertow, M. (2007). Uncovering industrial symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 77,11-30. 

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