Leukemia differentiation

Stegmaier K, Ross KN, Colavito SA et al. Gene expression-based high-throughput screening (GE-HTS) and application to leukemia differentiation. Nat Genet 2004 36 257-263. 

Lord, K.A., Abdollahi, A., Thomas, S.M., DeMarco, M., Brugge, J.S., Hoffman-Liebermann, B. and Liebermann, D.A. (1991) Leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 trigger the same immediate early response, including tyrosine phosphorylation, upon induction of myeloid leukemia differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 4371 379. 

Ueda K, Nagai S, Miyashita SI, Kaise T, Ichikawa M, Kumano K, Hangaishi A, Nannya Y, Kurokawa M. Arsenic-induced pericardial and pleural effusion without acute promyelocytic leukemia differentiation syndrome. Leuk Res 2010 34(1) e25-6. 

Kizaki M, Dawson MI, Heyman R, Elstner E, Morosetti R, Pakkala S, Chen D-L, Ueno H, Chao W, Morikawa M et al (1996) Effects of novel retinoid X receptor-selective ligands on myeloid leukemia differentiation and proliferation in vitro. Blood 87 1977-1984... 

Agents which enhance the host s response against neoplasias or force them to differentiate are termed biological response modifiers. Examples include interleukin 2 which is used to treat renal cell carcinoma, interferon a which is active against hematologic neoplasias, and tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid) which is a powerful inducer of differentiation in certain leukemia cells by acting on retinoid receptors. Side effects include influenza like symptoms, changes in blood pressure and edema. 

Reports of ChE abnormalities in tumours, e.g., meningioma, glioma, acoustic neurinomas and lung cancers, megakaryocytopoietic disorders and leukemias, ovarian tumours and neuroblastomas, suggest cell proliferation and differentiation activities. 

CALGB Cancer and Leukemia Group B (an alliance of cancer centers that conducts national clinical trials in cancer) CD cluster of differentiation... 

Hematopoiesis is defined as the development and maturation of blood cells and their precursors. In utero, hematopoiesis may occur in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. However, after birth, it occurs exclusively in the bone marrow. All blood cells are generated from a common hematopoietic precursor, or stem cell. These stem cells are self-renewing and pluripotent and thus are able to commit to any one of the different lines of maturation that give rise to platelet-producing megakaryocytes, lymphoid, erythroid, and myeloid cells. The myeloid cell line produces monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils, whereas the lymphoid stem cell differentiates to form circulating B and T lymphocytes. In contrast to the ordered development of normal cells, the development of leukemia seems to represent an arrest in differentiation at an early phase in the continuum of stem cell to mature cell.1... 

AML represents a group of disorders in which both failure to differentiate and overproliferation in the stem cell compartment produce an overabundance of nonfunctional cells termed myeloblasts. While the specific cause for this biologic abnormality is unknown, an understanding of the genetic influence of leukemia is leading to a wide variety of targeted therapies.9... 

Markers on the cell surface or membrane of the lymphoblast can be used to classify ALL. Among the early classification system was the FAB scheme, which was based purely on morphology and cytochemistry. This system considered nuclear appearance and degree of differentiation. This is no longer used, and the current classification of acute leukemias is based on features that can be identified only by immunologic and molecular analyses.3... 

The induction of differentiation may be an effective mechanism for chemoprevention of chronic diseases. It has been reported that lycopene alone induced differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells (Amir et al., 1999). A similar effect was also observed for other carotenoids, including P-carotene and lutein (Liu et al., 1997 Sokoloski et al.,1997). 

Liu, Y., Chang, R.L., Cui, X.X., Newmark, H.L. and Conney, A.H. 1997. Synergistic effects of curcumin on all-trans retinoic acid- and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Oncol Res 9 19-29. 

Palozza, P., Serini, S., Torsello, A. et al. 2002b. Regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis by beta-carotene in undifferentiated and differentiated HL-60 leukemia cells possible involvement of a redox mechanism. Int J Cancer 97 593-600. 

Sokoloski, J.A., Hodnick, W.F., Mayne, S.T., Cinquina, C., Kim, C.S., and Sartorelli, A.C. 1997. Induction of the differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells by vitamin E and other antioxidants in combination with low levels of vitamin D3 Possible relationship to NF-kappaB. Leukemia 11 1546-1553. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, salmonella infection, other tick-borne diseases, rickettsial infections, leukemia, lupus, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome, leptospirosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. 

---