Diabetes alloxan

Study of the interrelationship between insulinase, diabetes mellitus, and tryptophan (M9) revealed that n-tryptophan, administered either subcutaneously or by stomach tube in the amount 1-lmM/kg, produces a statistically highly significant hypoglycemia in the rat, whereas D-tryptophan and 16 other amino acids were ineffective when given by mouth in similar doses. In contrast to the effect produced in normal rats, there is no hypoglycemic response in severely diabetic alloxanized rats given L-tryptophan. 

Alloxan (1003) has been observed in the mucus associated with dysentery and it was the very first pyrimidine made synthetically when Brugnatelli oxidized uric acid in 1818. Alloxan has an interesting diabetogenic action which appears to be associated with removal of essential zinc from insulin by chelation. Such permanent diabetes may be induced in fish, dogs, cats, sheep, some birds, monkeys and other creatures, but not in man, owls or guinea-pigs certain pyrimidines related to alloxan show some such activity. 

Katsumata, K., Katsumata, K. Jr and Katsumata Y. (1992). Protective efiect of diltiazem hydrochloride on the occurrence of alloxan- or streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 24, 508-510. 

Rikans, L.E. (1981). Efiect of alloxan diabetes on rat liver ascorbic acid. Horm. Metab. Res. 13, 123. 

Diabetic Rabbits. Nine rabbits were rendered diabetic by an intravenous (iv) injection of 45 mg/kg alloxan. Urine and blood samples were tested one day before and two days after alloxan treatment for estimation of glucose content by chemstrip UGK and bG, respectively. The experimental protocol was the same as that for normal rabbits. 

It has already been noted above that hyperglycemia may affect nitric oxide production in different ways. Mohan and Das [129] demonstrated that NO prevented (3-cell damage in the model of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. However, far more important data on the role of nitric oxide in diabetes development were obtained in the study of diabetic patients. Thus, Kedziora-Kornatowska [130] showed that there is difference in superoxide and NO production by the granulocytes from NIDDM patients NO production was increased in diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy, while superoxide production was increased or decreased in the same patients, respectively. 

A sesquiterpene glycoside, nerolidol-3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl (l )-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 2)-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 6)]-P-D-glucopyranoside (66) isolated from Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (family Rosaceae), showed a significant (p < 0.05) hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats when administered orally to alloxan-diabetic mice at doses of 25 and 75 mg/kg however, the dosage... 

Jafri MA, Aslam M, laved K, Singh S. (2000) Effect of Punica granatum Linn, (flowers) on blood glucose level in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharm 70 309-314. 

Satyanarayana T, Katyayani BM, Hema Latha E, Mathews AA, Chinna Eswaraiah M. (2006) Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of alcoholic extract of Euphorbia leucophylla and its fractions in normal and in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pharmacog Magaz 2 244-253. 

Hanasono GK, Cote MG, Plaa GL. 1975. Potentiation of carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatotoxicity in alloxan- or streptozotoxin-diabetic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 192 592-604. 

Heikkila, R. E., Winston, B., and Cohen, G. (1976). Alloxan-induced diabetes. Evidence for hydroxyl radical as a cytotoxic intermediate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25, 1085-1092. 

The compounds alloxan and streptozotocin both specifically damage the pancreas and are used experimentally to induce diabetes. It is the 3 cells that are particularly susceptible to these two compounds. 

Responses to hormonal manipulations and fasting. Activities responded in a parallel fashion to glucocorticoid administration (93-96, 113), alloxan diabetes and insulin therapy (41, 113, 117), growth hormone treatment (118), and acute and prolonged fasting (90, 98, 118, 121). 

Tachibana, K. 1992. Transdermal delivery of insulin to alloxan-diabetic rabbits by ultrasound exposure. Pharm Res 9 952. 

Dhandapani, S., Subramanian, V.R., Rajagopal, S. and Namasivayam, N. (2002) Hypolipidemic effect of Cuminum cyminum L. on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacological Research 46(3), 251-255. 

Vinuthan, M.K., Girish Kumara, V., Narayanaswamya, M. and Veena, T. (2007) Lipid lowering effect of aqueous leaves extract of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) on alloxan-induced male diabetic rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine 3(10), 112-115. 

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