Lead chloride tetraethyl

Information on occupational exposure to lead is obtained primarily from the National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) and industry surveys of workers. While occupational exposure is widespread, environmental monitoring data on levels of exposure in many occupations are not available. OSHA has established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for lead of 50 pg/m3 for workplace air (OSHA 1991). NIOSH has estimated that more than 1 million American workers were occupationally exposed to inorganic lead in more than 100 occupations (NIOSH 1977a, 1978a). According to NOES, conducted by NIOSH between 1980 and 1983, an estimated 25,169 employees were exposed to tetraethyl lead (not used in gasoline since December 31, 1995) approximately 57,000 employees were exposed to various lead oxides mostly in non-ferrous foundries, lead smelters, and battery plants 3,902 employees were exposed to lead chloride and 576,579 employees were exposed to some other form of lead in the workplace in 1980 (NIOSH 1990). Workers who operate and maintain solid waste incinerators are also exposed to air lead levels as high as 2,500 pg/m3 (Malkin 1992). 

Sodium hydride Sodium hydrosulfite Sulfur chlorides Sulfuric acid Sulfuryl chloride Tetraethyl lead Tetramethyl lead Thionyl chloride Titanium tetrachloride Toluene diisocyanate Trichlorosilane Triethylaluminum Triethylborane Triisobutylaluminum Trimethylaluminum Trimethylchlorosilane Tripropyl aluminum Vanadium tetrachloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Zirconium tetrachloride... 

Lead Tetraethyl (Tetraethyl lead, Lead Tetraethide, Tetraethyl Plumbane). Pb(C2Hs)4, mw 323.45, colorless liq, fr p -136°, bp about 200°, also stated as 227.7° with decompn, d 1.653g/cc at 20° insol in w si sol in ale, sol in benz and eth. May be prepd by die action of Pb chloride on Zn ethyl or on a Grignard reag. Used extensively as an antiknock addition to gasoline, and has been proposed by Fr investigators as a flash reducer in proplnts (Ref 2)... 

N 24.10% cryst, mp - detonates with a bright flame when heated was prepd by adding drop-wise aq Na azide to an aq soln of diethyl lead chloride at 50°(Refs.l 4). Diethyl lead chloride, (C2Hj)2PbCl2, can be prepd by the action of tetraethyl lead on chlorine, followed by crystn from ale (Refs 1, 2 3)... 

A PERIOD of seven years elapsed after the preparation of the first tin organic compound before a derivative of lead was obtained. In 1859 Buckton isolated lead tetraethyl by the interaction of zinc ethyl and lead chloride. A number of investigators then worked upon this com-... 

In addition to the tetraethyl or tetramethyl lead, both types of antiknock fluids also contained 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane (ca. 35% by weight) to react with the lead released on combustion to form lead bromide and lead chloride. These lead halides are volatile at the cylinder combustion temperatures of 800-900°C, and leave the combustion chamber with the exhaust, which prevented the buildup of lead deposits. This was also the final step in the chain of events occurring with the alkylated lead antiknock compounds, which contributed to the widespread dispersal of lead compounds to the air and soil wherever gasoline powered vehicles operated. For this reason, and the toxic exposures during refueling, the alkylated lead addition rate was reduced to not more than 0.5 g of contained lead per U.S. gallon by 1980, even for leaded gasolines [29], and was phased out in the U.S. and Canada by 1985. 

The total lead in gasoline may be determined gravimetrically (ASTM D-52, IP 96), polarographically (ASTM D-1269), by atomic absorption spectrometry (ASTM D-3237, IP 428), by the iodine chloride method (ASTM D-3341, IP 270), by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ASTM D-5185), and by X-ray fluorescence (ASTM D-5059). When it is desired to estimate tetraethyl lead a method is available (IP 116X whereas for the separate determination of tetramethyl lead and tetraethyl lead recourse can be made to separate methods (ASTM D-1949, IP 188). 

Condensation of prednisone, 40 with tetraethyl orthocarbonate leads to the cyelie ortho-carbonate 41 liydrolysis proceeds by protonation on the most accessible ether oxygen (that on carbon 21) to give the 17 mixed carbonate ester 42. Acylation with propionyl chloride proceeds on the remaining hydroxyl group to afford prednicarbate (43) [10],... 

Major uses of ethyl chloride are the manufacture of tetraethyl lead and the synthesis of insecticides. It is also used as an alkylating agent and as a solvent for fats and wax. 

Chlorinated ethanes and ethylenes comprise ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride (1,2 dichloroethane), vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (RCE), and several CFCs. Some of the major uses of these compounds are as degreasing agents, dry-cleaning solvents, building blocks for manufacturing of polymers (e.g., RVC, ethyl cellulose), and raw material for the production of tetraethyl lead and CECs. We discuss ethylene dichloride, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene as examples of this group. 

Lead tetraethyl is prepared by heating ethyl chloride in the presence of a catalyst in an autoclave at 40 to 60°C with an alloy of lead and sodium ... 

Sodium cyanide, Glacial acetic acid, Chlorine gas. Carbon tetrachloride Benzene, Aluminum chloride, 2-Chloroacetyl chloride. Hydrochloric acid. Sodium hydroxide. Methylene chloride. Calcium chloride. Hexanes Methanol, MalononitrUe, o-Chlorobenzaldehyde, Piperdine Tetrahydrofuran, Hydrogen chloride, Chloropicrin, Powdered tin Benzene, Arsenic trichloride. Aluminum chloride. Hexanes Acetone, Sulfuric acid. Chlorine, Calcium chloride Isopropylamine, Glyoxal, Diethyl ether Benzene, Pyridine, Diphenylamine, Arsenic trichloride Tetraethyl lead. Arsenic trichloride... 

Ethyl chloride. Magnesium metal turnings, Tetrahydrofuran, Arsenic trichloride. Hexanes Tetraethyl lead. Arsenic trichloride Ethylenediamine, Nitric acid. Ethanol Nitric acid. Ethanol, N,N"-Diethanolethylenediamine Dinitrate ethylene glycol. Nitric acid. Sulfuric acid Ammonium nitrate. Water, Oil, Oleic acid. Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid, Erythritol, Nitric acid. Sodium carbonate. Ethanol... 

Synonym Neatsfoot Oil Necatorina Nechexane Neutral Ahhonium Pluoride Neutral Anhydrous Calcium Hypochlorite Neutral Lead Acetate Neutral Nicotine Sulfate Neutral Potassium Chromate Neutral Sodium Chromatetanhydrous Neutral Verdigris Nickel Acetate Nickel Acetate Tetrahyorate Nickel Ammonium Sulfate Nickel Ammonium Sulfate Hexahydrate Nickel Bromide Nickel Bromide Trihydrate Nickel Carbonyl Nickel Chloride Nickel Chloride Nickel Cyanide Nickel Iiu Fluoborate Nickel Fluoroborate Solution Nickel Fluoroborate Nickel Formate Nickel Formate Dihyorate Nickel Nitrate Nickel Nitrate Hexahydrate Nickel Sulfate Nickel Tetracarbokyl Nickelous Acetate Nickelous Sulfate Nicotine Nicotine Sulfate Nifos Nitralin Nitram O-Nitraniline P-Nitraniline Nitric Acid Nitric Acid, Aluminum Salt Nitric Acid, Iron (111) Salt Compound Name Oil Neatsfoot Carbon Tetrachloride Neohexane Ammonium Fluoride Calcium Hypochlorite Lead Acetate Nicotine Sulfate Potassium Chromate Sodium Chromate Copper Acetate Nickel Acetate Nickel Acetate Nickel Ammonium Sulfate Nickel Ammonium Sulfate Nickel Bromide Nickel Bromide Nickel Carbonyl Nickel Chloride Nickel Chloride Nickel Cyanide Nickel Fluoroborate Nickel Fluoroborate Nickel Fluoroborate Nickel Formate Nickel Formate Nickel Nitrate Nickel Nitrate Nickel Sulfate Nickel Carbonyl Nickel Acetate Nickel Sulfate Nicotine Nicotine Sulfate Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate Nitralin Ammonium Nitrate 2-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Nitric Acid Aluminum Nitrate Ferric Nitrate... 

Sweeney et al. (1986) studied mortality among 2510 male chemical workers in the United States, followed from 1952 to 1977. Potential exposures included tetraethyl lead (lARC, 1987b), ethylene dibromide (see this volume), 1,2-dichloroethane, inorganic lead (lARC, 1987b) and vinyl chloride monomer (lARC, 1987c). There were 156 deaths (SMR, 0.7) and 38 cancer deaths (SMR, 1.0) observed. There were excesses of cancer of the larynx (SMR, 3.6 90% CI, 0.7-11.5, based on 2 cases) and brain (SMR, 2.1 90% CI, 0.7-4.9, based on 4 cases). The SMR for all lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers w as 0.9 (90% CI, 0.3-1.9, based on 4 cases). Levels of exposure were not reported, but a NIOSH surv ey in 1980 found levels of exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane to be below the recommended NIOSH standard, while lead exposures were elevated. It was not possible to link mortality to any particular chemical exposure. 

Tetraethyl lead Ethyl chloride, lead Oxidation 89... 

The alkali metals are made by electrolysis of the fused hydro ddes or fused chlorides. Because of their reactivity, the metals mi st be kept in an inert atmosphere or under oil. The metals are iseful chemical reagents in the laboratory, and they find indnst iai use (especially sodium) in the manufacture of organic chemicals, dyestuffs, and lead tetraethyl (a constituent of ethyl gasoline ). Sodium is used in sodium vapor lamps, and, because of its large heat conductivity, in the Stems of valves of airplane engines, to conduct heat away from the valve heads. Cesium is used in vacuum tubes, to Increase electron emission from filaments. 

Tetrabutyl ammonium chloride, 128 Tetraethyl lead, 65 Tetrahydrofuran [THF], 95, 285, 449 Tetralin, 200... 

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