Carbon, tetrachloride and benzene

Triphenylchloromethane (C3Hj)3CCl is readily hydrolysed by warm water to triphenylcarbinol, thus providing an alternative method for the preparation of the latter. The former is conveniently obtained by the reaction between carbon tetrachloride and benzene in the presence of anhydrous aluminium ehloride ... 

The physical piopeities of ethyl chloiide aie hsted in Table 1. At 0°C, 100 g ethyl chloride dissolve 0.07 g water and 100 g water dissolve 0.447 g ethyl chloride. The solubihty of water in ethyl chloride increases sharply with temperature to 0.36 g/100 g at 50°C. Ethyl chloride dissolves many organic substances, such as fats, oils, resins, and waxes, and it is also a solvent for sulfur and phosphoms. It is miscible with methyl and ethyl alcohols, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene. Butane, ethyl nitrite, and 2-methylbutane each have been reported to form a binary azeotrope with ethyl chloride, but the accuracy of this data is uncertain (1). 

Aprotic solvents include those substances which may be considered to be chemically neutral and virtually unreactive under the conditions employed. Carbon tetrachloride and benzene come in this group, they possess low dielectric constants, do not cause ionisation in solutes and do not undergo reactions with acids and bases. Aprotic solvents are frequently used to dilute reaction mixtures while taking no part in the overall process. 

Soluble in ethanol, ether (Weast, 1986), chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene (ITII, 1986)... 

Orange yellow triclinic crystals or fluffy powder hygroscopic density 3.111 g/cm3 at 15°C sublimes at 64°C with decomposition melts at 101°C at 16 atm hydrolyzes in water soluble in ethanol, carbon tetrachloride and benzene soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid but hydrolyzes in dilute acid. 

Almost all of the reactions that the practicing inotganic chemist observes in the laboratory take place in solution. Although water is the best-known solvent, it is not the only one of importance to the chemist. The organic chemist often uses nonpolar solvents sud) as carbon tetrachloride and benzene to dissolve nonpolar compounds. These are also of interest to Ihe inoiganic chemist and, in addition, polar solvents such as liquid ammonia, sulfuric acid, glacial acetic acid, sulfur dioxide, and various nonmctal halides have been studied extensively. The study of solution chemistry is intimately connected with acid-base theory, and the separation of this material into a separate chapter is merely a matter of convenience. For example, nonaqueous solvents are often interpreted in terms of the solvent system concept, the formation of solvates involve acid-base interactions, and even redox reactions may be included within the (Jsanovich definition of acid-base reactions. 

The product is moderately soluble in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene it may be recovered unchanged from the perfectly dry solvents. 

SulfUr monobromide dissociates into its elements when heated to 100°C. Water reacts with the substance to form hydrogen bromide, sulfur dioxide, and demental sulfur. It dissolves in many organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and benzene. 

The process here described consists essentially in the formation of triphenylchloromethane by the interaction of carbon tetrachloride and benzene in the presence of aluminium chloride, and the reduction of this product by ether under the influence of the aluminium chloride present. 

Applied to the synthesis of hydrocarbons the following results have been obtained by this new method. 9 10-Diphenyl-9 10-dihydroanthracene is formed by the condensation of benzene and chloroform, whilst in the ordinary Friedel-Crafts reaction (A., 194, 254 227, 107) triphenyl-methane (Preparation 6) is the main product, traces of chlorarylmethanes and tetraphenylethane (B., 26, 1952) being also formed. The same compound is also obtained from benzal chloride and benzene. Carbon tetrachloride and benzene give 9 9 10 10-tetraphenyl-9 10-dihydroanthracene as do also phenylchloroform and benzene. In the older reaction triphenylchloromethane (p. 432) is the chief product. 

Slightly soluble in water soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene. Polymerizes in light or in the presence of a catalyst.1... 

CHS) 3NBH2Br is a white crystalline solid which melts at 67-68°C.4 It is very soluble in carbon tetrachloride and benzene but only sparingly soluble in saturated hydrocarbons, such as hexane, or in water. It dissolves readily in methanol and evolves hydrogen when aqueous NaOH or HC1 is added to such a solution. In this respect it is much more reactive than the analogous chloro compound, but it nevertheless can be... 

The white crystalline solid melts at 73°C.4 Like the other haloboranes, it is soluble in carbon tetrachloride and benzene, is insoluble in saturated hydrocarbons, but reacts very rapidly with methanol. It should be stored in tightly sealed, dark containers in a desiccator or a dry-box otherwise its storage life is very short. 

The most commonly studied pyrrolopyridine is compound (1). This compound is capable of selfassociation, a phenomenon that has led to much investigation, especially by NMR techniques. NMR data in carbon tetrachloride and benzene show that the chemical shift of the H-l proton moves downfield as the concentration of solute is increased. This type of shift is typical for a proton that undergoes hydrogen bond formation. From the NMR data, the dimerization constant for 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-/>]pyridine (1) has been determined to be 18.9 + 10.3 mol l l <8IJPC3l8l>. 

Tris[4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl] Tellnronium Chloride2 A mixture of 4.0 g (37 mmol) of 3-methylphenol and 5.0 g (18 mmol) of tellurium tetrachloride in carbon tetrachloride is heated under reflux in an inert atmosphere for 30 h, and then allowed to cool. The mixture is filtered, the filter cake is washed thoroughly with carbon tetrachloride and benzene, the solid is extracted with acetone, and the residue is dissolved in methanol. The methanol solution is concentrated, the precipitate is collected, dissolved in methanol, and the product reprecipitated by the addition of acetone yield 2.2 g (25%) m.p. 188-192°. 

Similarly, frontalin, and 2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane were prepared by the faicyclic acetal formation from terminal alkenes. y-Butyrolactone is another solvent of choice. A two-phase reaction was carried out using carbon tetrachloride and benzene. ... 

Asphaltenes are dark brown to black friable solids that have no definite melting point, and when heated, usually intumesce, then decompose leaving a carbonaceous residue. They are obtained from petroleums and bitumens by addition of a nonpolar solvent (such as a hydrocarbon) with a surface tension lower than 25 dynes cm-1 at 25°C (such as liquefied petroleum gases, the low-boiling petroleum naphthas, petroleum ether, pentane, isopentane, and hexane) but are soluble in liquids having a surface tension above 25 dynes cm-1 (such as pyridine, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene) (6, 7). 

In media of low dielectric constant it is well established that staimic chloride needs a cocatalyst to initiate the cationic polymerisation of alkenyl monomers. This point has been clearly proved for carbon tetrachloride and benzene solutions. In the present section the role of water as cocatalyst in these processes will be examined, but given the substantial amount of literature available on this topic, we will concentrate on important kinetic and mechanistic aspects, relevant to our new interpretation. We remind the reader that much of the older work has been thorou y reviewed in Plesch s second book ... 

One would physically expect that as pressure increases the solid surface may get smoother due to the filling of small pores and cavities with adsorbed molecules, and as a result the reflection time of gas phase molecules from the surface may become shorter. The values of / in Table 1 are close to unity as expected and they are in an increasing order of n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride and benzene. On the other hand, the parameter a for n-hexane is much higher than that of the others. Since the parameter a in Eq. 3 represents how fast the Knudsen diffiisivity increases with pressure, one would expect a substantial contribution of the Knudsen diffusion for n-hexane to the total permeability at very low pressures. Also the parameter is a measure of how fast the activation energy for surface diffusion decreases with adsorbed concentration. As Table 1 indicates, the surface diffusion permeabilities of n-hexane and carbon tetrachloride are expected to increase more sharply than that of benzene. 

The compound is only slightly soluble in water, but dissolves in methanol and ethanol, from which it can be recrystallized. A saturated chloroform solution at 25° is ca. 0.02 M. It is only very slightly soluble in cold carbon tetrachloride and benzene. In hot chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene, it is azeotropically dehydrated, giving solutions of anhydrous bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt(II) vide infra). 

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