Layout detailed design

The most conuiion cause of fire accidents in process plants is equipment failure. Tliis is primarily a result of poor equipment maintenance or poor equipment layout and design. Maintenance perfonned according to a detailed and well structured schedule will significantly reduce tlie occurrence of fire accidents. Tlie second largest cause of fire accidents is ignorance of tlie properties of a specific chemical or chemical process. Proper training of employees will increase tlieir knowledge of tlie properties of a specific chemical and chemical process and can prevent many of tliese chemical fire accidents. 

In the detailed design stage, everything must be specified. Each phase of the preliminary design must now be done in much more detail. The flow sheets develop into piping and instrument diagrams. The duty requirements for a piece of equipment become a specification sheet. The layout drawings may be replaced by a scale model, and a construction bid or detailed cost estimate is obtained to verify the previous cost estimate. 

Prior to considering the factory layout the designer must understand the risks to the production environment. These come from factors external to the plant, transmission media into the plant and internal factors resulting from operations within the plant. Table 8.1 details some examples of risk factors. Measures must be designed into the factory to eliminate or control all the risks to acceptable levels. 

The 60-percent design specifies the detailed design basis, primary process steps, process flow diagrams, major equipment components, monitoring requirements, facility requirements (e.g., building layouts, electrical and ventilation requirements), and preliminary operational strategies. Detailed final specifications of all process components, facilities, and operations are not complete. 

Detailed design engineering of process equipment, piping systems, control systems and offsites, plant layout, drafting, cost engineering, scale models, and civil engineering ... 

The appendices provide some additional material which can provide a starting point for further research into OFETs. While some individual papers are referenced in the text, many review articles provide greater detail and more references for specific topics several review papers are listed in Appendix A. Appendix B provides detailed recipes for a transistor fabrication process flow. Mask layout and design is discussed in Appendix C. 

Second, it is important to have an understanding of the specific use to which the tool will be put. The tool may be used for evaluation purposes such as the analysis of different layout alternatives for a manufacturing system. It may then be used for detailed design to define and fuUy describe the operational characteristics of the system. The tool may also be used in narrow application such as the design of communication systems or automatic guided vehicle systems. The product itself, however, may be used in broad applications from preliminary design to detailed design. 

Six of the seven nuclear submarines contained two pressurized water reactors (PWRs) each. Eleven of these PWRs were dumped into the Kara Sea between 1965 and 1988 eight within and three without their reactor compartments (RCs). AH these nuclear submarines suffered some form of reactor accident however, many specifics of the reactor design, maximum thermal power, compartment layout, detailed operating histories, and accident scenarios remain classified. 

Work by increments do not commence with detail designs until conceptual designs and layouts are approved. 

However, unlike project work, studies are usually commenced without a definite plant design concept and construction plan these are subject to change, and the essential requirement is to find the most suitable concepts and plans which will become the basis for the detailed project designs, budgets, and schedules. Inevitably the plant design is developed in a series of iterations. Initially, relatively broad concepts are explored, and possible innovations are introduced. Some concepts, for example materials handling system, layout, or site location, may be quickly rejected, while others may need more detailed comparison to arrive at the best choice. The phases of initial conceptual development, and of more detailed design and evaluation, are often formally split into... 

It is obviously critical that final (frozen) layouts are able to accommodate any variations in equipment size, piping design, etc. that may be required by final detail design. Otherwise there may be at least a major disruption to the design process and schedule while the layout is adjusted, or an unwanted compromise (it may be described more harshly ) in the final plant configuration. 

Once a layout has been approved by all disciplines (including Hazop review where applicable) and frozen, its integrity has to be maintained through the following detail design stages to prevent unauthorized encroachment on discipline space and the compromising of access ways. 

In the previous chapters, we have mainly discussed work that falls within the responsibility of the process, mechanical, and piping engineers. Before proceeding to a review of the more detailed design procedures which follow on from overall layout development, we will address some of the major responsibilities and concerns of the other engineering disciplines. In particular, we will address some of the issues concerning the overall discipline interfaces, information flow, and planning of work. 

Following the steps outlined, the best overall three-dimensional piperack layout can be chosen, followed by detail design of the steelwork and the pipework. 

The Desert Gold layouts had been extensively reviewed and optimized, and coarse-scale Hazops had been held for the more important plant areas. The Soggy layouts were being reconsidered well into detailed design, and when A A were finally compelled to carry out Hazops ( Hazops for a gold plant We ve built ten of them without any problems ), Ivan s team felt obliged to require some major re-work. 

Type el OesigiK Detailed Design Layout Only... 

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