Lawrence INDEX

Tables of stellar opacities computed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for temperatures up to 108 K are given by Rogers and Iglesias (1992 see also http //www-phys.llnl.gov/Research/OPAL/index.html) and up to 107 K by Seaton etal. (1994 see also http //vizier.u-strasbg.fr/topbase/publi.html).

Edwards and Lawrence (1993) have developed a Prototype Index of Inherent Safety (PIIS) for process design. The inherent safety index is intended for analysing the choice of process route i.e. the raw materials used and the sequence of the reaction steps. This method is very reaction oriented and does not consider properly the other parts of the process even they usually represent the majority of equipment. 

Prototype Index of Inherent Safety (Edwards and Lawrence, 1993) ... 

Edwards and Lawrence (1993) have presented a list of sixteen chemical and physical properties and process parameters which are available at the process route selection stage (Table 5). Seven of these sixteen parameters were included to their index method (PUS). The selected parameters concentrate very much on the chemical process route and chemistry. They have also tested their selection by an expert judgement, which gave support to their work (Edwards et al., 1996). 

The Finnish legislation (Pyotsia, 1994) classifies the flammability of chemical substances on the basis of their flash and boiling points. This is similar to the European Union Directives concerning hazardous substances. Also the Dow Fire and Explosion Index (1987) and Edwards Lawrence (1993) have been used similar approaches. 

For OSBL inventory values based on Mond Index (ICI, 1985) were used. These were used also for ISBL by Edwards et al. (1993) but the experts criticized this, since the relevant inventory scale in ISBL is much smaller (Lawrence, 1996). Also due to a tighter layout the same inventory in ISBL is more dangerous than in OSBL. Therefore a new scale was developed by scaling the Mond values by using the expert recommendations in Lawrence s work (1996). See Table 15. 

Brenan, K. E., and Petzold, L. R., The numerical solution of higher index differential/algebraic equations by implicit Runge-Kutta methods," UCRL-95905, preprint, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, California (1987). 

SMITH, C.F., COHEN, J.J. and MCKONE, T.E. (1980). A Hazard Index for Underground Toxic Material, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-52889 (National Technical Information Service, Spring-field, Virginia). 

Requiring low-sample volume micro-scale tests for its cost-effective application, the PEEP index has thus far employed bioassays with bacteria, algae and microinvertebrates. While well-standardized toxicity tests using freshwater fish existed at the time of the PEEP s conception in the early 1990 s (e.g., the Environment Canada fingerling rainbow trout 96-h lethality test to assess industrial wastewaters), they were excluded because of their large sample volume needs (e.g., close to 400 L of effluent sample required to undertake a multiple dilution 96-h LC50 bioassay in the case of the trout test). In addition to effluent sample volume, the cost of carrying out salmonid fish acute lethality bioassays for the 50 priority industrial effluents identified under SLAP I (the first 1988-93 Saint-Lawrence River Action Plan) was prohibitive. 

The search for an index that both integrates the diverse parameters of effects on a variety of species representing several trophic levels and distinguishes between degraded and non degraded areas has been a focus of research at the St. Lawrence Centre of Environment Canada during the past decade (Costan et ah, 1993 Bombardier and Bermingham, 1999). The development of the PEEP and the SED-TOX indices was part of this research area. 

In the first publication (Bombardier and Bermingham, 1999), the SED-TOX index was applied to toxicity data obtained from marine sediments collected at two sites in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Anse-a-Beaufils (Gaspe, Quebec, Canada) and Cap-aux-Meules (Magdalen Islands, Quebec, Canada). Three areas (harbour, disposal, and reference) were evaluated for each site. The following questions were addressed in this particular study ... 

In the second publication (Bombardier and Blaise, 2000), laboratory toxicity data derived from two larger projects conducted on freshwater sediments were integrated in the SED-TOX index and it was field validated using four benthic community metrics (species richness, number of taxa in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and the ICI-SL which is a version of the Invertebrate Community Index modified for the St. Lawrence River). 

Figure 2. Relationship between SED-TOX scores and benthic community metrics. Scores for each metric are classified as follows A) Richness < 17 = degraded, 17-23 = moderately degraded, 24-32 = fairly clean, > 33 = clean (taken from Willsie, 1993a, b) B) H < 1 = degraded, 1-3 = moderately degraded > 3 = clean (Wilhm, 1967) C) EPT < 6 = degraded, 7-13 = fairly clean (taken from U.S. EPA, 1996a) D) 0 16 = clean (adapted from Willsie, 1993a, b). EPT taxa richness in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera ICI-SL Invertebrate community Index for the St. Lawrence River.

Willsie, A. (1993a) Adaptation of the invertebrate community index (ICI) to the St. Lawrence River, in E.G. Baddaloo, S. Ramamoorthy, and J.W. Moore (eds.), Proc. 19lh Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Edmonton, 4-5 October 1992. 

ICI-SL Invertebrate Community Index modified for the St. Lawrence River... 

Sader, S. A., R. B. Waide, W. T. Lawrence, and A. T. Joyce. 1989. Tropical forest biomass and successional age class relationships to a vegetation index derived from Landsat TM data." Remote Sensing Environmental 28 143-156. 

Here are three sample index cards from Amy Lawrence s working bibliography ... 

The Chimiotox (Scroggins, 1999) is another rating system developed for the St. Lawrence River Action Plan as a companion to the PEEP index. It is not a toxicity index, because toxicity is not measured. Chemical profiles of municipal and industrial effluents and known toxicity data are used to rank the effluents for potential environmental damage. The daily load of each chemical component is multiplied by a toxicity factor, and the sum of toxic loads produces the rating. 

For a general look at the subject, there is the Handbook of Vitamins, second edition, edited by Lawrence J. Machlin and published in 1991. Another is by Sheldon Saul Hendler and a board of medical advisors, most or all M.D.s, titled The Doctors Vitamin and Mineral Encyclopedia, published in 1990. This reference also covers herbs, amino acids, and other substances, and has numerous citations in the index about cancer, but no definite, sure-fire remedies. 

Test run of known spice blends from published literature. The spice blends which contain basil, cinnamon leaf, peppermint, sage and wimergreen as reported by Lawrence and Shu (4) were used to test the effectiveness of the present iheoty. The ratios of individual spice are shown in Table VI, the coded numbers of identified volatile compounds in the spice blends are shown in Table VII Conqxiter output of numerical analyses of compounds shown in Table Vfl are listed in Table VIII, the similarity index of the testing result is 0.959, indicating a high level of confidence. In Table VIII, there are repeated identifications of the same type of spice, e.g., the appearance of basils H3, 19, 24, 26 and 27 doves 1 and 4 and mentha 1 and 12. In fact, the repeated appearance of the same spice indicates the closeness of these spices. It was also confirmed that the similarity index within the same spice listed in Table VIII usually ranged from 1.0 to 0.90 (data not shown). In order to... 

A comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the gap volume index of Laskowski (1995), the shape correlation index of Lawrence and Colman (1993), and the atomic volume ratios in protein-protein complexes remains to be performed. The three parameters were nevertheless estimated by Nadassy etal. (2001) for the same sample of 25 protein-DNA complexes. Their values are very poorly correlated the linear correlation coefficients between the volume ratio on one hand and the (gap and Sc values, on the other hand, were 0.4 and 0.5, respectively the correlation coefficient between igap and Sc was even lower, 0.2. Thus, the information given by each of the three parameters must be incomplete and biased to some extent by the way it is derived from the atomic coordinates. 

Lawrence, M. (2007). Quick introduction to the rsbml package. Available http //bioconductor.org. Lawrence, M., and Temple Lang, D. (2008). RGtk2 R Bindings for Gtk 2.8.0 and Above. Available URL http //cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RGtk2/index.html. R package version 2.12.5-3. 5-3. 

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