Latitudinal variation

Simpson HJ, Trier RM, Toggweiler JR, Mathieu G, Deck BL, Olsen CR, Hammond DE, Fuller C, Ku TL (1982) Radionuclides in Mono Lake, California. Science 216 512-514 Smith CR, Berelson W, Demaster DJ, Dobbs FC, Hammond D, Hoover DJ, Pope RH, Stephens M (1997) Latitudinal variations in benthic processes in the abyssal equatorial Pacific control by biogenic particle flux. Deep-Sea Res Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 44(9-10) 2295 Smith CR, Pope RH, Demaster DJ, Magaard L (1993) Age-dependent mixing of deep-sea sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57(7) 1473-1488... 

Pennings SC, Zimmer M, Dias N, Sprung M, Dave N, Ho C-K, Kunza A, McFarlin C, Mews M, Pfauder A, Salgado CS (2007) Latitudinal variation in plant-herbivore interactions in European salt marshes. Oikos 116 543-549... 

Ross C, Van Alstyne KL (2007) Intraspecific variation in stress-induced hydrogen peroxide scavenging by the ulvoid macroalga Ulva lactuca. J Phycol 43(3) 466 174 Salgado CS, Pennings SC (2005) Latitudinal variation in palatability of salt-marsh plants are differences constitutive Ecology 86 1571-1579... 

Latitudinal variations in insolation caused by differenoes in the angle at which the sun s radiation strikes Earth s surface. Source-. From Thurman, H. V. (1988). Introductory Oceanography, 5th ed. Merrill Publishing Company, p. 170. 

Latitudinal variations in depth profiles of salinity in the (a) Atlantic, (b) Pacific, and (c) tropical oceans High-latitude salinities are given by the dashed lines. Source After Pickard, G. L, and W. J. Emery (1999). Descriptive Physicai Oceanography An Introduction, 5th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 52. 

Francey RJ, Tans PP (1987) Latitudinal variation in oxygen-18 of atmospheric CO2, Nature 327 495 97... 

Meekan, M. G. andChoat, J. H., Latitudinal variation in abundance of herbivorous fishes a comparison of temperate and tropical reefs, Mar. Biol., 128, 373, 1997. 

Fawcett, M. H., Local and latitudinal variation in predation on an herbivorous marine snail, Ecology, 65, 1214, 1984. 

Figure 4.21. Latitudinal variation of saturation depths (SD) and carbonate sediment facies in the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean basins. (Modified after Berger, 1977.)...

Rau, GH., Takahashi, T., and Desmarais, DJ. (1989) Latitudinal variations in plankton S13C. Implications for CO2 and productivity in past oceans. Nature 341, 516-518. 

The production of DMS is almost exclusively through biogenic processes and shows strong seasonal and latitudinal variation (Kettle et al. 1999). DMS mainly results from the enzymatic cleavage of DMSP, a compound that is produced in several groups of marine phytoplankton. A complex network of production and consumption pathways of both DMSP and DMS involves most of the microbial food web (Fig. 1) and determines the concentration of... 

As shown in Table IV, for a given altitude in the troposphere there are significant seasonal and latitudinal fluctuations in the total column of ozone, and these lead to similar fluctuations in the ultraviolet flux. The maximum ozone column and minimum transmitted flux occur in late winter and early spring, while the minimum column and maximum flux occur in the fall. This effect is most pronounced at high latitudes, and much less so near the equator [cf. Junge (128)]. The seasonal and latitudinal variation in Rayleigh and aerosol scattering is much less and is not important to this discussion. 

Schutz et al. (223) concluded from a study of the seasonal and latitudinal variations of n(N20), as well as from its short-term fluctuations, that its lifetime may be 10 yr or less. This would require a much more efficient sink than is currently known. 

Spinhirne J.D., El Chichon eruption cloud latitudinal variation of the spectral optical thickness for October 1892. Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, 881-8M (1983). 

Zhang, X., Dam, H. G., White, J. R., and Roman, M. R. (1995). Latitudinal variations in mesozooplankton grazing and metabolism in the central tropical Pacific during the O.S.JGOES EqPac study. Deep Sea Res. II42, 695—714. 

Figure 19.6 Latitudinal variation in annual mean NH sediment-water fluxes (mmol m d ) for shallow (<2 m) sites. Shallow sites (n = 18) were included only if fluxes were measured in both light and dark using either in situ chambers or incubated sediment cores (Ferguson et ah, 2004 Fisher etah, 1982 Nowicki and Nixon, 1985 Reay et ah, 1995 Rizzo, 1990 Sundback and Miles, 2000).

Table 2.5.3 shows the available data for the seaward perimeter zones of reefs other than fringing reefs. There are a number of differences between these results and those from the total reef systems (Table 2.5.2). With the exception of the bare algal pavement at One Tree Reef the results suggest a reasonably uniform gross activity for seaward shallow water zones with little or no latitudinal variation and, significantly, little correlation with variation in community structure. However, net gain is quite variable with...

Figure 9. Latitudinal variations in potential production of carbonyl sulfide in the ocean filled circles open ocean estimated using apparent quantum yields for Pacific Ocean provided by Weiss et al. [189] and open ocean areas [8, 173] open circles coastal photoproduction estimated using average coastal AQYs determined by Zepp and An-dreae [193] and coastal ocean areas [67,173]. Integrated production was 58.3 Gmol yr for the open ocean and 12.8 Gmol yr for coastal regions, uncorrected for cloud cover. Light attenuation by clouds reduces UVR by approximately 30-40% on average [103]. A substantial fraction of the COS is hydrolyzed before it can escape to the atmosphere [141,...

In aquatic systems stratification of the water column has significant effects on nutrient availability and the timing of bursts of primary productivity. It is convenient to consider these effects in the oceans in terms of the latitudinal variations in stratification. Overall, due to the sinking of detritus out of the euphotic zone and the... 

There are latitudinal variations in the major families of phytoplankton responsible for marine primary production. Diatoms appear particularly important at high latitudes and along the equatorial belt, but in intermediate latitudes dinoflagellates and coccohthophores are more important. Cyanobacteria and the related prochlorophytes appear to make a major contribution within 40° of the equator. There can also be variations in phytoplanktonic communities with depth. For example, in the subtropical mid-Pacific diatoms are responsible for c.80-90% of total algal production in the... 

Because light levels (which control temperature, total productivity and the duration of seasonal growth outside the tropics) and rainfall exhibit latitudinal variations (Fig. 3.12), it is not surprising that the distribution of the major higher plant associations on land (biomes) are arranged in broadly latitudinal belts, as shown in Fig. 3.13.The general trends are modified by factors such as altitude, mountain rain-shadows and the thermal influ-... 

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