Herbivore-plant interaction

MiTHEN R, RAYBOULD R F and GIAMOUSTARIS A (1995) Divergent selection for secondary metabolites between wild populations of brassica-oleracea and its implications for plant-herbivore interactions , Heredity, 75 472-84. 

Secondary chemistry differs from primary chemistry principally in its distributional variability and it is this variability that has intrigued ecologists for the past 30 years. Theories [or provisional hypotheses (35)] to account for the structural differentiation and function of secondary metabolites, as well as the differential allocation of energy and materials to defensive chemistry, abound, but they are almost exclusively derived from studies of plant-herbivore interactions (Table 2). This emphasis may be because the function of secondary chemicals in plants is less immediately apparent to humans, who have historically consumed a broad array of plants without ill effects, so alternative explanations of their presence readily come to mind. The fact that animals upon disturbance often squirt, dribble, spray, or otherwise release noxious substances at humans and cause pain leads to readier acceptance of a defensive function [although there are skeptics who are unconvinced of a... 

Hay ME, Fenical W (1988) Marine plant-herbivore interactions the ecology of chemical defense. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 19 111-145... 

Gaines SD, Lubchenco J (1982) A unified approach to marine plant-herbivore interactions. II. Biogeography. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13 111-138... 

Hay ME, Steinberg PD (1992) The chemical ecology of plant-herbivore interactions in marine versus terrestrial communities. In Rosenthal J, Berenbaum M (eds) Herbivores their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. Evolutionary and ecological processes, vol. II. Academic, New York, pp 371—413... 

Pennings SC, Zimmer M, Dias N, Sprung M, Dave N, Ho C-K, Kunza A, McFarlin C, Mews M, Pfauder A, Salgado CS (2007) Latitudinal variation in plant-herbivore interactions in European salt marshes. Oikos 116 543-549... 

If feeding behaviors, assimilation efficiency, or fitness are reasonable proxies for tolerance of secondary metabolites, then it is clear that herbivore individuals, populations, and species profoundly vary in their tolerance (Paul et al. 2001 Stachowicz 2001 Targett and Arnold 2001). Such differential tolerance was recognized early within the emerging field of marine plant-herbivore interactions (Hay 1992 Hay and Steinberg 1992 Paul 1992), much to the dismay of these scholars. The same metabolite may show considerable difference in its effects even on closely related species of herbivores (Paul 1992). 

Hay ME, Duffy JE, Fenical W (1990) Host-plant specialization decreases predation on a marine amphipod - an herbivore in plants clothing. Ecology 71 733-743 Hay ME, Duffy JE, Pfister CA, Fenical W (1987) Chemical defense against different marine herbivores are amphipods insect equivalents Ecology 68 1567-1580 Hay ME, Fenical W (1988) Marine plant-herbivore interactions the ecology of chemical defense. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 19 111-146... 

Detling, J. K., Dyer, M. L, Procter-Greeg, C., and Winn, D. T. (1980). Plant-herbivore interactions examination of potential effects ofbison saliva on regrowth of Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) Lag. Oecologia 45,26-31. 

Very little information exists on the phenolic protein-conplexing resins, except for that on creosote bush and sane arctic plants. In contrast to condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins, these are typically ether-soluble compounds this may allow their entry into the body across cell membranes, and thios give them the potential for action outside the gut lumen. Reports for animals consuming seaweed indicate that astringent protein-precipitating substances (presumably phlorotannins), are potentially important in marine plant-herbivore interactions. 

Whitham, T.G. and Slobodchikoff, C.N. 1981. Evolution by individuals plant herbivore interactions and mosaics of genetic variability - the adaptive significance of somatic mutations in plants. Oecologia 49 287-292. 

Ingham E.R. Interactions among mycorrhizal fungi, rhizosphere orgnaims, and plants. In, Microbial mediation of Plant-herbivore Interactions. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1991 p. 530. 

Other physiological effects of defensive chemicals have not been observed or studied for plant-herbivore interactions. For example, studies of chemically defended sessile invertebrates have shown that some compounds have emetic properties against fish predators, and that fishes can learn quickly to avoid these chemicals after regurgitating ingested food.206,258 Macroalgal compounds could potentially act in similar ways, but such effects have never been documented. 

Hay, M.E. and Steinberg, P.D., The chemical ecology of plant-herbivore interactions in marine vs. terrestrial communities, in Herbivores Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites Evolutionary and Ecological Processes, Vol. 2, Rosenthal, G. and Berenbaum, M., Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, 1992, 371. 

---