Exploratory studies

Exploratory Study of Potassium and Sodium Superoxides forOuygen Control in Manned Space Vehicles, Contract No. NASW-90, MSA Research Corp., Evans City, Pa., Mar. 1962. 

These reactors all work on very similar principles and will be discussed based on the example of the Berty reactor, of which more than 500 are in operation around the world. The Berty reactor shown in Figure 2.4.3 a has much empty volume and is laborious to open and close. Another version of the Berty reactor (made by Basic Technology, Inc.) is shown in Figure 2.4.3 b. This 2-inch model was developed for quick exploratory studies on small samples of catalysts. The maximum catalyst sample volume is 15... 

In this brief overview section we follow closely Packard and Wolfram s exploratory study [packard85], which the interested reader should consult for more details. 

A qualitatively similar behaviour was obtained during C3H6 epoxidation on Ag 43 Enhancement factor A values of the order of 150 were measured.43 Both the rates of epoxidation and oxidation to C02 increase with I>0 and decrease with I<0. The intrinsic selectivity to propylene oxide was very low, typically 0.03 and could be increased only up to 0.04 by using positive currents. This was again an exploratory study, as no reference electrode was used, thus T and UWr could not be measured 43... 

Experimentally the resolution in GPC 1 was increased by the long column lengths and low flow rate but degraded somewhat by the high sample loadings. The high flow rate in GPC 2 was only necessary because in these exploratory studies many different runs had to be performed and necessitated short analysis times. 

Soil Sampling Quality Assurance and the Importance of an Exploratory Study... 

Once objectives have been defined, a study protocol including an appropriate QA/QC program is developed. Initially, both literature and information searches should be made. If possible, selected field measurements based on an assumed dispersion model can also be made. The objective of the exploratory study is to obtain the best possible answers to the following questions. 

Much information pertinent to the above questions may already be available in the published literature, in the files of Government or Industry, in research reports of local universities, or in the knowledge of local citizens. A carefully planned effort should accumulate relevant information that is available. Usually, a fixed period of time should be allowed for the collection and analysis of this information. Then the design and implementation of the field measurements portion of the exploratory study should be undertaken. 

The exploratory study Is not designed to obtain Information on temporal patterns In the chemical concentrations since these studies are expected to be completed In a short period of time. If It Is possible to select the time for the exploratory study. It should be conducted at a time when the concentrations would be expected to be at a maximum. It may be necessary to use the hypothesized dispersion model In order to make this decision. For example, the sampling normally should not be done Immediately following a heavy rain, when the ground Is frozen solid, or when a wind Is blowing at 20 to 30 knots. Temporal trends will have to be addressed In the final study. 

Analysis and Interpretation of the Information and data resulting from the exploratory study will provide the basis for designing the final definitive monitoring study Including all elements of the QA/QC plan. For example, decisions must be made on whether or not the selected control area Is adequate and appropriate whether the hypothesized model Is valid whether the study area should be stratified and If so, how what number of samples should be collected at what locations and whether or not the QA/QC plan for sampling is adequate and if not, how it should be changed. 

If the exploratory study Is conducted well. It will provide some data for achieving the overall objectives of the total monitoring study. It will provide a check of the feasibility and efficacy of all aspects of the monitoring design Including the QA/QC plan. It will serve as a training vehicle for participants. It will pinpoint where additional measurements need to be made. Finally, It will provide a body of Information and data which may be Incorporated Into the final report for the total monitoring study. 

Work in electrocatalysis is conducted in many university and government laboratories and in industrial establishments. The total volume of the work going on is rather large, but many efforts contain an element of fortuity. Exploratory studies often run ahead of systematic studies and generalizations. Difficulties exist when comparing experimental resnlts obtained by different authors. Inconsistent opinions often are expressed when discnssing the resnlts. 

However, the specific serotonin uptake inhibitor fluoxetine failed to produce an MBDB-like cue and failed to block the stimulus effects of MBDB when it was given prior to a training dose of MBDB. Table 3 summarizes results of fluoxetine testing in MBDB-trained rats. In other exploratory studies, pretreatment of MDMA-trained rats with either methysergide or ketanserin failed to block completely the MDMA-discriminative stimulus. 

Hamilton, L. A., Aliyu, M. H., Lyons, P.D. el al. (2006). African-American community attitudes and perceptions toward schizophrenia and medical research an exploratory study. /. Natl. Med. Assoc., 98, 18-27. 

Exploratory studies indicate that 64 mature Valencia oranges per sample, when picked in a consistent manner with 16 fruits from each of 4 randomized normal trees, suffice to give fair (10%) agreement between replicates such a sample ordinarily weighs from 18 to 24 pounds. Very cursory tests with Thompson seedless grapes demonstrate... 

Basic research consists of exploratory studies into things for which an end use cannot be specified. It might include a study to determine the effect of chlorine molecules on the diffusivity of hydrocarbons or a study of the dissolution of single spheres in a flowing stream. The prospective dollar value of this research cannot be estimated. 

It should be noted that most of the substitution-based synthesis work with poly(organophosphazenes) has been preceded by exploratory studies at the small molecule, model compound level, often with the use of cyclic trimer I as a model for polymer II (6). 

For these reasons, several exploratory studies have been made of the feasibility of attachment of crystallizable side groups to polyphosphazenes. Three examples are given below. 

Mordi, RC, Walton, JC, Burton, GW, Hughes, L, Ingold, KU, and Lindsay, DA, 1991. Exploratory study of beta-carotene autoxidation. Tetrahedron Lett 32, 4203 -206. 

These, and other, behaviour differences have prompted initiation of several exploratory studies in order to assess the response of selected Western coals to liquefaction procedures and identify the parameters that affect this response. This paper summarizes some of the more important observations recorded in the course of that work. 

Whitehurst, D.D. Mitchell, T.O. Farcasiu, M. Dickert, J.J., Jr., "Exploratory Studies in Catalytic Coal Liquefaction", Final Report from Mobil Research and Development Corporation to EPRI under Project RP-779-18, 1979. 

Following these exploratory studies a super-high-throughput screening system was implemented, allowing for 7,000-30,000 ee-determinations per day.90 Of course, in each new case of a chiral... 

Gorbman, A. and M.S. James. 1963. An exploratory study of radiation damage in the thyroids of coral reef fishes from the Eniwetok Atoll. Pages 385-399 in V. Schultz and A.W. Klement, Jr. (eds.). Radioecology. Reinhold, New York. 

Vuuren van W., 1998. Organizationalfailure an exploratory study in the steel industry and the medical domain, PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven. 

Earlier exploratory studies (2) of the interaction of DHPz with smooth polycrystalline Pt indicated that, at... 

Cyclization of mixed acetals (13,300).4 This reaction is a particularly useful route to eight-membered cyclic ethers (oxocanes) and provides the first practical route to a natural oxocene, (- )-laurenyne (3), from an optically active mixed acetal 1. Thus cyclization of 1 followed by O-desilylation affords 2 as the only cyclic product. Remaining steps to 3 involved C-desilylation, for which only HF/pyridine is useful, introduction of unsaturation into the C2-side chain, and extension of the C8-side chain. Exploratory studies showed that unsaturation at the p- or y-positions to the cite of cyclization of 1 prevent or retard cyclization with a wide variety of Lewis acids. The cyclization is apparently more tolerant of substitution in the terminator position, C3-Q, of the oxocene. 

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