Land-surface atmosphere interactions

Five components of the hydrosphere play major roles in climate feedbacks - atmospheric moisture, clouds, snow and ice, land surface, and oceans. Changes to the hydrologic cycle, among other things, as a result of altered climate conditions are then referred to as responses. Interactions with climate can best be explored by examirung potential response to a climate perturbation, in this case, predicted global warming. 

Considerable progress in modeling the interactive atmosphere-ocean system has made it possible to successfully predict seasonal and interannual variability and, in particular, El Nino events. The sufficiently adequate consideration of land surface processes ensured a substantial increase in hydrological prediction reliability (river run-off included). 

Interactions between the atmosphere and snow and ice on the land surface. 

The simple urbanization (Fig. 16.6a) of NWP includes modifications (anthropo-genic heat flux, roughness, and albedo) the land surface scheme so-called the Interaction Soil Biosphere Atmosphere (ISBA) scheme originally proposed by... 

Climate and plate tectonics are the master controlling factors for the system represented in Eigure 1. Climate includes a complex set of phenomena (temperature, evaporation, precipitation, and wind) and interactions among the atmosphere, land surface, ocean surface, biosphere, and cryosphere that are driven largely by variations in the amount and distribution of incoming solar radiation. 

The reservoir representing the land (2) is defined as the amount of P contained in the upper 60 cm of the soil. This rather narrow definition of the land reservoir is made because it is through the upper portions of the soil system that the major interactions with the other P reservoirs occur. Specifically, most plants receive their nutritive P needs from the upper soil horizons and the return of P to the soil system by the decomposition of plant matter is also concentrated in this upper soil zone. Similarly, the major interactions with the atmosphere, ground-waters, and rivers occur near the soil surface. And, finally, phosphate in the form of fertilizer is applied directly to the soil surface. Thus, in attempting to represent the land and its interaction with other reservoirs, the surface soil horizon most directly interacts with all components and best represents the d)mamical nature of this reservoir. Phosphorus in soils deeper than 60 cm and in crusted rocks is included in the sediment reservoir (1). This reservoir accounts for all of the particulate P that exchanges with the other reservoirs only on very long time-scales. 

Since neither land-surface nor ocean-surface feedbacks alone arc sufficient to explain the observed expansion of the African monsoon during the mid-Holocene, synergistic feedbacks involving land-atmosphere-ocean interactions are likely to be involved (GanopoLski ct al., 1998 Braconnot et al., 1999 Berger, in press). There have been only two attempts to examine this question. In simulations with an intermediate-complexity model, GanopoLski et al. (1998) showed that vegetation feedbacks were more important than ocean feedbacks in the amplification of the African monsoon. This simulation may not be realistic, however, because the ocean model does not re-... 

The reason why the laboratory was built inside a mountain is that 1400 meters of rock are a perfect filter to screen huge number of particles that hit the land surface these particles are produced by the interaction of cosmic primary rays with the atmosphere s atoms. Muons (particles with positive charge and mass 200 times that of electrons) and neutrinos are the particles that are able to cross this filter. Solar and stellar neutrinos are studied in the Laboratory of Gran Sasso. 

Atmospheric sciences includes the fields of physics and chemistry and the study of the composition and dynamics of the layers of air that constitute the atmosphere. Related topics include climatic processes, circulation patterns, chemical and particulate deposition, greenhouse gases, oceanic temperatures, interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean, the ozone layer, precipitation patterns and amounts, climate change, air pollution, aerosol composition, atmospheric chemistry, modeling of pollutants both indoors and outdoors, and anthropogenic alteration of land surfaces that in turn affect conditions within the ever-changing atmosphere. 

Climate System System consisting of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryospher, land surface, and biosphere and their interactions. 

Hydrological Sciences Branch http //hsb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (accessed November 3,2010). NASA-based organization dedicated exclusively to the understanding, quantification, and analysis of the different components of the hydrological cycle, with emphasis on land surface hydrological processes and their interaction with the atmosphere. 

Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry (0167-7764) (1573-0662). This journal includes, in particular, studies of the composition of air and precipitation and the physiochemical processes in the Earth s atmosphere the role of the atmosphere in biogeochemical cycles the chemical interaction of the oceans, land surface, and biosphere with the atmosphere, as well as laboratory studies of the mechanics in transformation processes, and descriptions of major advances in instrumentation. 

The major function of cutin is to serve as the structural component of the outer barrier of plants. As the major component of the cuticle it plays a major role in the interaction of the plant with its environment. Development of the cuticle is thought to be responsible for the ability of plants to move onto land where the cuticle limits diffusion of moisture and thus prevents desiccation [141]. The plant cuticle controls the exchange of matter between leaf and atmosphere. The transport properties of the cuticle strongly influences the loss of water and solutes from the leaf interior as well as uptake of nonvolatile chemicals from the atmosphere to the leaf surface. In the absence of stomata the cuticle controls gas exchange. The cuticle as a transport-limiting barrier is important in its physiological and ecological functions. The diffusion across plant cuticle follows basic laws of passive diffusion across lipophylic membranes [142]. Isolated cuticular membranes have been used to study this permeability and the results obtained appear to be valid... 

Farquhar J, Thiemens MH (2000) The oxygen cycle of the Martian atmosphere-regoUth system secondary phases in Nakhla and Lafayette. J Geophys Res 105 11991-11998 Farquhar J, Chacko T, Ellis DJ (1996) Preservation of oxygen isotopic compositions in granuhtes from Northwestern Canada and Enderby Land, Antarctica implications for high-temperature isotopic thermometry. Contr Miner Petrol 125 213-224 Farquhar J, Thiemens MH, Jackson T (1998) Atmosphere-surface interactions on Mars mea-... 

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