Atmosphere surface

T = surface atmospheric temperature in °R T = average temperature of flow in annulus in °R = geothermal gradient in °F per ft K = drilling rate in ft/hr... 

C05-0107. At an altitude of 150 km above the Earth s surface, atmospheric pressure is 10 atm and the temperature is 310 K. What is the molecular density at this altitude ... 

Photochemical transformation of benzole (e)pyrene (BeP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, adsorbed on silica gel and alumina surfaces, is reported by Fioressi and Arce (2005). This study was designed to define the atmospheric degradation of the PAH adsorbed on particulates that originated from wind erosion of the land surface. It can be assumed that similar behavior occurs at the land surface-atmosphere interface. 

Goss, K.-U., Predicting the enrichment of organic compounds in fog caused by adsorption on the water surface , Atmospheric Environ., 28, 3513-3517 (1994). 

Mars is almost free of clouds and the surface can be seen from the earth through a telescope. The results of the recent space probes (1073a) reveal that the surface temperature ranges from 188 to 243 K and the Martian poles are composed of substantial amounts of water ice, seasonally covered by C02 frost. The rusty-red color of the surface is caused by the presence of substantial amounts of iron oxides. The mean surface atmospheric pressure is 7.65 0.1 mbar. The temperature profile of the Mars atmosphere is given in Fig. VIII— 12. 

Wichink Kruit RJ, Schaap M, Sauter FJ, van Zanten MC, van Pul WAJ (2012) Modeling the distribution of ammonia across Europe including bi-directional surface-atmosphere exchange. Biogeosci Discuss 9 4877-4918... 

Clough, W.S. (1975) The deposition of particles on moss and grass surfaces. Atmospheric Environment, 9,1113-19. 

Dollard, G.J. Unsworth, M.H. (1983) Field measurements of turbulent fluxes of wind driven fog drops to a grass surface. Atmospheric Environment, 17, 775-80. 

Little, P. Wiffen, R.D. (1977) Emission and deposition of petrol engine exhaust Pb. I. Deposition of exhaust Pb to plant and soil surfaces. Atmospheric Environment, 11, 437-47. 

Bums, R. G. Straub, D. W. (1992) Mixed-valence iron minerals on Venus Fe2+-Fe3+ oxides and oxysilicates formed by surface-atmosphere interactions. Intern. Conf. Venus, Pasadena, Abstr., pp. 15-7 [see also EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 73, 332-3 (1992)]. 

The major sink for I S appears to be its oxidation to SC. Using the reaction rate measured by Cadle and Ledford (30) for the heterogeneous oxidation of E S by and an estimate of particulate surface area based on measurements reported by Junge (128), Robinson and Robbins (214) found a 2-hr lifetime for l S in the surface atmosphere and a 28-hr lifetime in the background troposphere with its light particulate load. 

Cavanagh et al. (37) made gas-chromatographic measurements of the organic content of the surface atmosphere at Point Barrow and found fractional part-per-billion levels of ethane, ethylene, butane, pentane, acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol, ethanol, benzene, and two unknown components, while n-butanol was found in the 10 ppb range. It is not known whether the butanol was present owing to contamination from an anthropogenic source or whether it was naturally present in the biosphere. 

Using the surface dependence of the reaction previously determined by Cadle and Ledford and Junge s (128) estimate of particulate densities in the troposphere, Robinson and Robbins (214) calculated that H2S would have a residence time of 2 hr in the continental surface atmosphere and 28 hr in the troposphere as a whole. This calculation assumes that K10 depends only on the square root of the surface area and is independent of the nature of the surface. 

A more detailed photochemical model of the surface atmosphere developed by Levy (153) coupled the radical, carbon, and nitrogen chemistry together. As in the simpler model, the number densities of the major atmospheric species, N2, 02, H20, CH4, CO, 03, and NO +... 

In order to determine the importance of rainout, measurements of n(HN03) in the surface atmosphere are necessary. 

Wu, R.W., Hamer, T., et al. (2008) Evolution rates and PCB content of surface films that develop on impervious urban surfaces. Atmospheric Environment, 42(24) 6131-6143. 

Availability of the same physiography database for surface, atmosphere and chemistry, depending on applications... 

Bandfield J. L. and Smith M. D. (2003) Multiple emission angle surface-atmosphere separations of Thermal Emission Spectrometer data. Icarus 161, 47-65. 

Yelle R. V., Lunine 1.1., Pollack J. B., and Brown R. H. (1996) Lower atmospheric structure and surface-atmospheric interaction on Triton. In Neptune and Triton (ed. D. Cruikshank). University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1031-1106. 

Herr F. L. and Barger W. R. (1978) Molecular hydrogen in the near-surface atmosphere and dissolved waters of the tropical North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 6199-6205. 

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