Ocean atmosphere interaction

Numerous long-term observations in various latitudinal belts show a high level of correlation between temperature and C02 content. The atmosphere-ocean interaction contributes most to this dependence. Though the atmosphere and the ocean are in equilibrium with respect to C02 exchange, this equilibrium is still regularly violated. The most serious causes of this violation are... 

The main difficulty in understanding the causes of climate change is connected with the impossibility of considering climatic feedbacks sufficiently reliably. Primarily, this refers to cloud-radiation feedback, direct and indirect (by the effect on radiation properties of clouds) impacts of atmospheric aerosols on climate, and the impact of the atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate formation. 

Andreas E. L. (2002) A review of the sea spray generation function for the open ocean. Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions (ed. W. Perrie). WIT Press, Southampton, Boston, vol. 1, pp. 1-46. 

Ganopolski, A., Kubatzki, C., Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., and Petoukhov, V. (1998). The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene. Science 280, 1916-1919. 

Since neither land-surface nor ocean-surface feedbacks alone arc sufficient to explain the observed expansion of the African monsoon during the mid-Holocene, synergistic feedbacks involving land-atmosphere-ocean interactions are likely to be involved (GanopoLski ct al., 1998 Braconnot et al., 1999 Berger, in press). There have been only two attempts to examine this question. In simulations with an intermediate-complexity model, GanopoLski et al. (1998) showed that vegetation feedbacks were more important than ocean feedbacks in the amplification of the African monsoon. This simulation may not be realistic, however, because the ocean model does not re-... 

Dissolved oxygen (DO) level in natural aquatic systems is a highly informative variable which can elucidate atmosphere-ocean interactions, water mass movements, net primary productivity and carbon remineralization processes (Gao et al., 2005). It is also strongly representative of an ecosystem s functionality and behavior. The DO level indicates how well the water is aerated... 

The carbonate system plays an important role in moderation of the chemistry of natural aquatic systems (e.g., acts a pH buffer in seawater), which, in turn, influences biotic and chemical activities. Inorganic C is also a major component of the global C cycle its subsequent atmospheric/oceanic interaction plays a major role in atmospheric CO2 levels and hence global warming processes (see above). For example, an oceanic uptake of 40% will only correspond to an average change in DIG of IpmolH therefore, its accurate and precise determination and distribution is essential. 

Bjorkstrom, A. 1979. A model of CO2 interaction between atmosphere,oceans, and land biota. In The Global Carbon Cycle, Bolin, B. Degens, E. T. Kempe, S. Ketner, P., Eds. SCOPE 13 J Wiley Sons New York, NY, 1979 pp 403-457. 

Bjdrkstrom, A. (1979). A model of CO2 interaction between atmosphere, oceans, and land biota. In "The Global Carbon Cycle" (B. Bolin, E. T. Degens, S. Kempe, and P. Ketner, eds), pp. 403-457. Wiley, New York. 

The climate is an important aspect of the environment, an aspect that interacts strongly with the composition of the ocean and atmosphere. This interaction works in two ways Climate is influenced by composition through the greenhouse effect, and climate also influences composition through its effect on reaction rates, particularly on weathering and the flux of dissolved constituents into the sea. Full-scale climate models are exceedingly complicated and can run only on supercomputers. But here I shall demonstrate how one aspect of the climate system—average tern-... 

Radiocarbon. Radiocarbon (14C) is unstable, with a half-life of 5730yr, and decays by emission of an electron to form 14N. It is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by interactions of high-energy cosmic rays with the upper atmosphere. The 14C is oxidized to 14C02 within a few weeks and is then mixed into the troposphere (the lower, well-mixed part of the atmosphere), where it is taken up by plants during photosynthesis and exchanges with the surface waters of the ocean. 

Levis et al. (2003) described an algorithm based on the data of field and laboratory measurements that enables calculation of BVOC emissions being used as a component of the interactive climate model CCSM (Version 2.0) for the atmosphere-ocean-land-sea ice cover system developed by National Center for... 

Considerable progress in modeling the interactive atmosphere-ocean system has made it possible to successfully predict seasonal and interannual variability and, in particular, El Nino events. The sufficiently adequate consideration of land surface processes ensured a substantial increase in hydrological prediction reliability (river run-off included). 

Observational data were compared (Levitus et al., 2001) with results of numerical modeling using the GFDL interactive model of the atmosphere-ocean system by considering... 

Grebmeier J.M. Whitledge T.E. Aagaard K. Bergmann M. Carmack E.C. Codispoti L.A. Darby D. Dunton K.H. Melnikov I.A. Moore S. Takizawa T. Walsh J.J. Wassman P. and Wheeler P. (eds.) (2001). Arctic System Science Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI). Phase II Field Implementation Plan, SBI Project Office, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 30 pp. 

Ocean Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Program Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interaction... 

Parisa Ariya was born in Tehran, the capital of Iran. She chose atmospheric chemistry for a career. Scientists in this field study the transformation of molecules in the atmosphere (the layer of gases surrounding Earth). They also study the atmosphere s interactions with oceans, land, and living things. After studying in several countries, Dr. Ariya became a professor at McGill University in Montreal. 

The environment is composed of large numbers of common species within the Earth s atmosphere, ocean, and crust. The species exist naturally. They are in their stable forms and do not take part in any chemical or physical work interactions between different parts of the environment. We mainly assume that the intensive properties of the environment are unchanging, while the extensive properties can change because of interactions with other systems. Coordinates in the environment are at rest with respect to each other, and relative to these coordinates, we estimate kinetic and potential energies. 

In addition to plate boundary and plume-related hydrothermal systems, the chemistry of the prebiotic world would have had strong redox contrasts in the restricted areas that had tidal coasts, and perhaps within the oceans where differing water masses interacted, or under ice. These redox contrasts were ultimately driven by photolysis in the atmosphere/ocean (presumably... 

Finally, the Earth owes its cool, stable climate to the dynamic interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, and the Earth s surface, for as long as perhaps 4.0 Ga. 

Grebmeier, J.M. etal. (eds) (1998) Arctic System Science Ocean—Atmosphere—Ice Interactions Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions Science Plan, ARCSS/OAII Report 7, Old Dominion... 

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