Land-atmosphere-ocean interactions

Since neither land-surface nor ocean-surface feedbacks alone arc sufficient to explain the observed expansion of the African monsoon during the mid-Holocene, synergistic feedbacks involving land-atmosphere-ocean interactions are likely to be involved (GanopoLski ct al., 1998 Braconnot et al., 1999 Berger, in press). There have been only two attempts to examine this question. In simulations with an intermediate-complexity model, GanopoLski et al. (1998) showed that vegetation feedbacks were more important than ocean feedbacks in the amplification of the African monsoon. This simulation may not be realistic, however, because the ocean model does not re-... 

Bjorkstrom, A. 1979. A model of CO2 interaction between atmosphere,oceans, and land biota. In The Global Carbon Cycle, Bolin, B. Degens, E. T. Kempe, S. Ketner, P., Eds. SCOPE 13 J Wiley Sons New York, NY, 1979 pp 403-457. 

Bjdrkstrom, A. (1979). A model of CO2 interaction between atmosphere, oceans, and land biota. In "The Global Carbon Cycle" (B. Bolin, E. T. Degens, S. Kempe, and P. Ketner, eds), pp. 403-457. Wiley, New York. 

Levis et al. (2003) described an algorithm based on the data of field and laboratory measurements that enables calculation of BVOC emissions being used as a component of the interactive climate model CCSM (Version 2.0) for the atmosphere-ocean-land-sea ice cover system developed by National Center for... 

Considerable progress in modeling the interactive atmosphere-ocean system has made it possible to successfully predict seasonal and interannual variability and, in particular, El Nino events. The sufficiently adequate consideration of land surface processes ensured a substantial increase in hydrological prediction reliability (river run-off included). 

In the present-day CO2 cycle, the interactions between land and ocean via rivers appear to have been affected substantially by the activities of humankind. Herein lies an important link between the carbon cycle and those of the nutrients N and P. This link is shown in Figure 10.33B, which also demonstrates, when compared to the long-term carbon cycle of Figure 10.33A, the effects of anthropogenic carbon on land-ocean-atmosphere CO2 coupling. 

Parisa Ariya was born in Tehran, the capital of Iran. She chose atmospheric chemistry for a career. Scientists in this field study the transformation of molecules in the atmosphere (the layer of gases surrounding Earth). They also study the atmosphere s interactions with oceans, land, and living things. After studying in several countries, Dr. Ariya became a professor at McGill University in Montreal. 

Climate and plate tectonics are the master controlling factors for the system represented in Eigure 1. Climate includes a complex set of phenomena (temperature, evaporation, precipitation, and wind) and interactions among the atmosphere, land surface, ocean surface, biosphere, and cryosphere that are driven largely by variations in the amount and distribution of incoming solar radiation. 

Selenium is dispersed through the environment and is cycled by biogeochemical processes involving the rock weathering, rock-water interactions, and microbiological activity. Estimates of the selenium fluxes through the atmosphere, land, and oceans indicate that the anthropogenic flux now exceeds the marine flux, the principal natural pathway (Table 10). 

Five components of the hydrosphere play major roles in climate feedbacks - atmospheric moisture, clouds, snow and ice, land surface, and oceans. Changes to the hydrologic cycle, among other things, as a result of altered climate conditions are then referred to as responses. Interactions with climate can best be explored by examirung potential response to a climate perturbation, in this case, predicted global warming. 

The complex of feedbacks controls interactive exchange with energy, water, and carbon between the atmosphere and the Earth s surface causing a response of these fluxes to disturbances such as transformation of land cover or pollution of the World Ocean with oil. Substantial feedbacks are physiological responses of vegetation communities to changes in temperature and humidity of the atmosphere and soil. 

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