Ocean temperature

The value of E is insensitive to small changes in ocean temperature but is quite sensitive to wind speed over the sea surface (boundary layer thickness, wave action, and bubble formation are functions of wind speed). Therefore changes in surface wind speed accompanying a climate change could affect rates of air-sea CO2 exchange. 

Cutler KB, Edwards RL, Taylor FW, Cheng H, Adkins J, Gallup CD, Cutler PM, Btrrr GS, Chappell J, Bloom AL (2003) Rapid sea-level fall and deep-ocean temperature change since the last interglacial. Earth Planet Sci Lett, in press... 

Calculations Equilibrium Dissolved gases Rates of reaction Chemical potential and AG with the extent of reaction Henry s Law and the pH of the oceans Temperature dependence of chemistry and the analysis of chemical networks in prebiotic environments... 

Oxygen 18o/16o 160 = 99.759 170 = 0.037 lsO = 0.204 Water, biomineralized carbonates and phosphates, sedimentary phosphates and carbonates, silicates, organic matter Climate, plant and animal water metabolism, ocean temperature, provenance (marble), chronostratigraphy... 

In 2005 the floating ice cap on the Arctic Ocean was at its smallest size in a century of recording keeping. This development was explained by global warming and a likely rise in ocean temperatures. 

Oceanic temperatures and levels are also rising (Levitus 2000). According to models, greenhouse warming is expected to cause a collapse in the Labrador Sea convection, with the consequence of a further rise in the sea level (IPCC 1995). 

Phytoplankton at the ocean surface maintain the fluidity of their cell membranes by altering their lipid (fat) composition when the temperature changes. When the ocean temperature is high, plankton synthesize relatively more 37 2 than 37 3.35... 

The winds in the latitudes of North America are westerly. On the western coast of the continent, therefore, air moves from the Pacific Ocean to the land. Because of water s high specific heat, ocean temperatures do not vary much... 

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC). Utilization of ocean temperature differentials between solar-heated surface water and cold deep water as a source of electric power. In tropical areas such differences amount to 35-40°F. A pilot installation now operating near Hawaii utilizes a closed ammonia cycle as a working fluid, highly efficient titanium heat exchangers, and a polyethylene pipe 2000 feet long and 22 inches inside diameter to handle the huge volume of cold water required. Alternate uses for such a system, such as electrolysis of water,... 

Section 5.2 shows the prediction method of phase diagrams of the major components of natural gas, namely methane, ethane, and propane hydrates and their mixtures at the common deep-ocean temperature of 277 K. Many of the commonly observed phenomena in natural gas systems are illustrated, while the power of the method is shown to go beyond that of Chapter 4, to illustrate future needs. 

FIGURE 7.15 Gulf of Mexico ocean temperature vs. depth. (From Churgin 1, Halminski, S. J., Key to Oceanographic Records Documentation 2, Gulf of Mexico, Natl Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, DC, 1974. With permission.)... 

When a hydrate plug occurs in a pipeline at temperatures above the ice point, the pressure-temperature conditions are illustrated in Figure 8.14. To the left of the three phase (Lw-H-V) line hydrates can form, while to the right only fluids can exist. Because the lowest ground burial temperatures or ocean temperatures (39°F) are usually above 32°F, ice formation (which will also block flows) is not a normal... 

The decrease in land and ocean temperature in the tropics in 1999 was caused by a La Nina event (a cold version of an El Nino), which continued for the whole year. 

Kazansky A.V. and Filatov S.V. (1987). Investigation of Two Ways for the Determination of Surface Ocean Temperature by Means of Distribution of Satellite Measurements in the IR Range. Institute of Automatics and Management Processes, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 22 pp. [in Russian]. 

Sanford, E. (1999). Regulation of keystone predation by small changes in ocean temperature. Science 283 2095-2097. 

Broecker, W.S. (1986) Oxygen isotope constraints on surface ocean temperatures. 

Additional evidence for a bacterial contribution to HMW DOM proteins comes from molecular-level analyses of dissolved amino acids. Hydrolysis of HMW DON releases 11-29% of the nitrogen as amino acids (McCarthy et al., 1996). Specific amino acids include common protein amino acids, as well as /3-alanine and y-aminobutyric acid which are nonprotein amino acid degradation products. The distribution of amino acids is similar to that of fresh plankton cells, suspended particulate matter, and total dissolved amino acids. However, stereochemical analyses show HMW DOM amino acids to be elevated in the D-enantiomer, with d/l ratios for alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acids, and serine ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 (McCarthy et al., 1998). Racemization of phytoplankton-derived L-amino acids is too slow at ocean temperatures to yield such high D/L ratios, but bacteria can synthesize D-amino acids, and it is likely that the D-amino acids in HMW DOM result from bacterial bioploymers rich in these particular amino acids. The high dA ratios of some amino acids and the abundance of amide nitrogen in HMW DOM N-NMR spectra led McCarthy et al. (1998) to... 

Adkins J. F. and Schrag D. P. (2001) Pore fluid constraints on past deep-ocean temperature and salinity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28,111-11 A. 

Elemental and Isotopic Proxies of Past Ocean Temperatures... 

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