Lacrimators animal exposure

Ocular Effects. Inhalation and oral exposure of animals to hexachloroethane caused lacrimation and reddening of the eyes after oral exposure (NTP 1977, 1989), or closing of the eyes as an avoidance mechanism during inhalation exposure (Weeks et al. 1979). Overnight, direct contact of the eyes with crystalline hexachloroethane resulted in corneal opacity and iritis in rabbits, but recovery was complete 3 days later (Weeks et al. 1979). Direct eye contact with hexachloroethane at hazardous waste sites may result in an eye irritation. 

When mice, rats, rabbits and guinea-pigs were exposed to a concentration of 0-88 mg./l. (i.e. 1/5000) of ethyl phosphorodifluoridate for 10 min. there was irritation of the eyes and nose with nasal discharge, lacrimation and salivation. Four minutes after exposure the mice and some of the rats developed dyspnoea, but all the animals recovered. When animals were exposed to a corresponding concentration of ethyl phosphorodi-chloridate (1-46 mg. 1. 1/5000), similar symptoms were observed and no deaths resulted. 

Signs of disulfoton toxicity, such as muscle tremors, fasciculations, lacrimation, and salivation, in animals are generally observed after a few daily doses, but begin to diminish in severity as exposure to dislllfoton continues (Bombinski and DuBois 1958). This phenomenon is known as tolerance. Tolerance appears to be a reproducible phenomenon that does not depend on the organophosphate insecticide used, the route of administration, or the animal species (Costa et al. 1982b). Several possible mechanisms have been proposed /explain this phenomenon. 

Exposure of animals to 5 00 ppm caused immediate gasping, swelling of eyelids, corneal opacity, lacrimation, and excessive salivation. Levels of 100 ppm produced the same effects after 3 minutes 50 ppm for 30 minutes caused deaths. Chronic exposure above 3 ppm produced severe nephrosis, marked toxic hepatosis, and severe respiratory difficulty in some of the exposed animals. 

In animal studies, exposure to 3 mg demeton/m for 2 hour resulted in no illness in rats during the first exposure, tremors during the second exposure, lacrimation and tremors during the third exposure, and death in 10 of 17 animals during the fourth exposure. ... 

Exposure of guinea pigs to 2530 ppm for 4 hours was lethal to more than half of the animals death usually was delayed and a result of pulmonary edema effects were irritation of the eyes and the nose, lacrimation, tremor, dyspnea, and narcosis some surviving animals developed a delayed but profound anemia. ... 

Several species of animals exposed to 3500 ppm suffered marked irritation of the mucous membranes and became incoordinated after 15 minutes of exposure and prostrate after 30 minutes. Conjunctival irritation, lacrimation, salivation, and lethargy were observed in rabbits exposed to 1822 ppm 6 hours/day for 3 weeks. Exposure of mice to 450 ppm for an unspecified time period resulted in severe irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. ... 

Rabbits died from exposure to 5000 ppm for 3 hours, but 10,000 ppm for 1 hour was not lethal. Effects were conjunctival irritation, lacrimation, slow respiration with some rales, incoordination, ataxia, and weakness. Autopsy of animals exposed to lethal concentrations revealed severe fatty infiltration of the liver and moderate kidney damage. ... 

The LCso for rats was 1230ppm for 36 minutes effects included lacrimation, rhinor-rhea, gasping, and cyanosis. Pulmonary edema was present at autopsy. At 300ppm, all rats died within 40-90 minutes, whereas exposure to 33 ppm caused deaths in 3-10 hours. Exposure to 6.35 ppm 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months resulted in death of 11 of 19 rats similar exposure in dogs caused mild symptoms the first 2 days, followed by complete recovery In three species of animals, intravenous injection caused methemoglobinema, anemia, damage to the central nervous system, and pulmonary edema. ... 

The toxicity of aliphatic diisocyanates also warrants monitoring exposure to its vapors. HDI has a moderate potential for acute systemic dermal toxicity rabbit dermal LD50 is 570 ml/Kg (57). However, HDI is severely irritating to the skin and eyes. Irritation, lacrimation, rhinitis, burning sensation to throat and chest, and coughing have all been reported in humans following acute inhalation exposure to HDI. HMDI has a low eye and dermal irritation potential, as well as a low potential for acute toxicity. Exposure to HMDI aerosol can cause dermal sensitization of laboratory animals. IPDI can cause skin sensitization reactions as well as eye irritation. The acute toxicity of diisocyanates in rats is shown in Table 12. 

Respiratory signs develop 2 to 6 h post-exposure in most patients, but can be delayed up to 15 h with exposures to lower concentrations (<3ppm) (Borak and Diller, 2001). Concentrations of 3 to 5 ppm cause immediate conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, lacrimation, blepharospasm, and upper respiratory tract irritation. Extended (170 min) exposure was fatal (Diller 1985 Proctor and Hughes, 2004). Fifty ppm for 5 min or longer will cause pulmonary edema and rapid death (Borak and Diller, 2001 Chemstar, 1996 RTECS, 2008). If the animal survives, pulmonary edema begins to resolve in 2 to 3 days. 

Dermal contact with lacrimators is very painful (Pinkus, 1978). Erythema and blisters are common. The extent of dermal effects depends on the thickness of the stratum comeum, and the extent of exposure (Blain, 2003). High concentrations can cause first and second degree bums of the skin (Hu et al., 1989 Stein and Kirwan, 1964). No teratogenicity or carcinogenicity has been demonstrated in humans or animals (Blain, 2003 Folb and Talmud, 1989 Himsworth et al., 1971 Upshall, 1973). 

Thus, below the AEGL-1 values, there may be specific effects, such as the perception of a disagreeable odor, taste, or other sensations (mild sensory irritation). In some people, that exposure level could result in mild lacrimation or coughing. Since there is a continuum in which it is difficult to judge the appearance of discomfort in animal studies and human experiences, the... 

Exposure to carbonyl sulfide in animals produces serious nervous system effects with narcotic effects and acute respiratory failure at high concentrations. Acute inhalation exposure to carbonyl sulfide produced nervous system dysfunction and lower respiratory system irritation in rats. Rats exposed to carbonyl sulfide via inhalation for 4 h showed some central nervous system effects at 1062 and 1189 ppm. Results showed hypoactivity, lacrimation, breathing difficulties, cyanosis, bleeding from the nose, convulsions, tremors, and behavioral abnormalities, the most prominent of which, circling. 

Various experimental animal species were exposed to aerosols of CS generated by various methods from exposure from 5 to 90 min. The toxic signs observed in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys were immediate, and included hyperactivity, followed by copious lacrimation, and salivation within... 

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