Lacrimator

Lacquer thinners Lacrimators Lacrisert Lac sulfur b-lactam... 

Acetic anhydtide [108-24-7] (CH2C0)20, is a mobile, colorless liquid that has an acrid odor and is a more pierciag lacrimator than acetic acid [64-19-7]. It is the largest commercially produced carboxyUc acid anhydride U.S. production capacity is over 900,000 t yearly. Its chief iadustrial appHcation is for acetylation reactions it is also used ia many other appHcations ia organic synthesis, and it has some utility as a solvent ia chemical analysis. 

Acrolein vapor is highly irritating to the eyes, causing pain or discomfort in the eye, profuse lacrimation, involuntary blinking, and marked reddening of the conjunctiva. Splashes of Hquid acrolein will produce a severe injury to the eyeHds and conjunctiva and chemical bums of the cornea. 

The 2-cyanoacryhc esters have sharp, pungent odors and are lacrimators, even at very low concentrations. These esters can be irritating to the nose and throat at concentrations as low as 3 ppm eye irritation is observed at levels of 5 ppm (13). The TLV for methyl 2-cyanoacrylate is 2 ppm and the short-term exposure limit is 4 ppm (14). Good ventilation when using the adhesives is essential. 

Potassium Iodide. When potassium iodide [7681-11-0] is adrninistered orally for several (6—8) weeks, a therapeutic effect may be obtained ia the subcutaneous form of sporotrichosis. Amphotericin B is used iatravenously to treat systemic sporotrichosis. The KI dosage is usually a saturated solution ia water (1 g/mL). The usual oral dose is 30 mg/kg/d. Children should receive five droplets, three times a day (after meals) the dose may be iacreased to 15—20 droplets. Side effects iaclude digestive disorders, swelling of the saUvary glands, and lacrimation. Thyroid function tests may be disturbed. 

Benzyl chloride [(chloromethyl)henzene, a-chlorotoluene], CgH CH2Cl, is a colorless Hquid with a very pungent odor. Its vapors are irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes, and it is classified as a powerfljl lacrimator. The physical properties of pure benzyl chloride are given in Table 2 (2—7). Benzyl chloride is insoluble in cold water, but decomposes slowly in hot water to benzyl alcohol. It is miscible in all proportions at room temperature with most organic solvents. The flash point of benzyl chloride is 67°C (closed cup) 74°C (open cup) autoignition temperature is 585°C lower flammability limit 1.1% by volume in air. Its volume coefficient of expansion is 9.72 x. ... 

Humans experience a wide range of acute adverse health effects, including irritation, narcosis, asphyxiation, sensitization, blindness, organ system damage, and death. In addition, the severity of many of these effects varies with intensity and duration of e.xposure. For example, exposure to a substance at an intensity that is sufficient to cause only mild throat irritation is of less concern than one that causes severe eye irritation, lacrimation, or dizziness, since the latter effects arc likely to impede escape from the area of contamination. 

Augembogen, m. iris, -bolzen, m. eyebolt, -braue, /. eyebrow, -deckel, m. eyelid, -driise, /. lacrimal gland, -entzlindung, / inflammation of the eye. 

Reiz-gas, n. irritant gas, Mil.) tear gas or sneeze gas. -geschoss, n. irritant gas projectile. -gift, n. irritant poison, -kerze, /. Mil.) irritant candle, -korper, m. irritant substance, Mil.) lacrimator. reizloa, a. nonirritant, nonatimulating unattractive, insipid. 

Tranen-. of tears, lacrimal, -driise,/, lacrimal gland. 

T-Stoff, m. (Tranenstoff) tear gas, lacrimator hydrogen peroxide. 

Weiss-kohl, m. white cabbage, common cabbage. -kreuz, n, Mil.) white cross (German marking for a lacrimator). -kupfer, n, native... 

In a proportion of patients systemic and extra-articular features may be observed during the course of the disease (and rarely prior to joint disease). These include anaemia, weight loss, vasculitis, serositis, nodules in subcutaneous, pulmonary and sclera tissues, mononeuritis multiplex, and interstitial inflammation in lungs as well as in exocrine salivary and lacrimal tissue. However, these systemic manifestations occur relatively late in the disease progression. 

The act of vomiting is a complex process accompanied by several events apart from activation of the motor nerves and various voluntary muscles involved in the increase of intragastric pressure and evacuation of the stomach contents. Vomiting is preceded by a deep inspiration, closure of the glottis and raising of the soft palate to prevent vomitus entering the trachea and nasopharynx, respectively. There is also increased heart rate, pallor, salivation, sweating and lacrimation. 

Liver Lacrimal and nasopharyngeal glands Gycogenolysis P Increased secretion... 

Demonstrates applying light finger pressure to the inner corner of tlie eye (lacrimal sac) for about 1 minute after instillation (teaching the use of this maneuver should be approved by tlie primary health care provider). 

Lacrimation Restless sleep Increased severity of earlier symptoms... 

Most contact lenses are worn for optical reasons as an alternative to spectacles. Contact lenses are of two types, namely hard lenses, which are hydrophobic, and soft lenses, which may be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The surfaces of lenses mnst be wetted before nse, and wetting solntions (section 4.5.1) are nsed for this pnrpose. Hard and, more especially, soft lenses become heavily contantinated with protein material dnring nse and must therefore be cleaned (section 4.5.2) before disinfection (section 4.5.3). Contact lenses are potential sonrees of eye infection and conseqnentiy nticroorganisms should be removed before the lens is again inserted into the eye. Lenses mnst also be clean and easily wettable by the lacrimal secretions. Contact-lens solntions are thns sterile solutions of the varions types described below. Apart fiom... 

These are used to hydrate the surfaces of hard lenses after disinfection. Since they must also cope with chance contamination, they mnst contain a preservative as well as a wetting agent. They may be isotonic with lacrimal secretions and be formulated to a pH of about 7.2 for compatibility with normal tears. 

CP-channels with even smaller conductance have been described for the lacrimal and other exocrine glands [76,77]. These channels have a conductance of 1-2 pS. Unlike the ICOR-channel they appear to be blocked by millimolar concentrations of furosemide [77]. Most recent and only partially published data from my own laboratory obtained with the above modified nystatin technique [50,133,134] indicate that the respiratory epithelial cells and colonic carcinoma cells possess these types of small CP channels, and that these channels are involved in hormonal regulation of CP-conductance (cf. section 5). These CP-channels are regulated by cytosolic Ca. Hormonally induced increases in cytosolic Ca lead to an abrupt increase in the probability of these small CP-channels being open, yet they have no effect on the ICOR-channel. Data of this kind reinforce that the physiological importance of these small CP-channels may have been grossly underestimated. 

Fig. 2.7 Salamander nasal cavity TS — anterior to entry of naso-lacrimal duct. LD = lateral diverticulum NSE = non-sensory epithelium VNE = vomeronasal epithelium MOE = olfactory epithelium and RP = reflective pigment (after Dawley, 1988).

The ocular surface and the tear-secreting glands of the eye are now known to function as an integrated unit. This unit refreshes the tear supply and clears used tears. An autonomic neural reflex loop stimulates secretion of tear fluid and proteins by the lacrimal glands. The sensitivity of the ocular surface decreases as aqueous tear production and tear clearance decreases. This results in a decrease in sensory-stimulated reflex tearing which exacerbates dry eye.29,30 Over time, wearing contact lenses also desensitizes the cornea by constant stimulation.12... 

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