Cluster Rule

Hamad, A. A., Varma, V., El-Halwagi, M. M., and Krishnagopalan, G. (1995). Systematic-integration of source reduction and recycle reuse for the cost-effective compliance with the cluster rules. AIChE Annu. Meet., Miami. 

Prior to the Cluster Rules, direct discharge kraft mills were regulated as shown in 11.4.4.1. 

For kraft pulp mills, the Cluster Rules add toxic and nonconventional pollutants to the list of regulated pollutants only for bleached papergrade kraft mills. Effluent limitations guidelines and standards were added for the following BAT and PSES pollutants (and NSPS/PSNS for new sources) chloroform, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF, 12 chlorinated phenolic compounds, and AOX. All of the... 

Direct or Indirect Precluster Cluster Rules Precluster Cluster Rules... 

The Cluster Rules reorganized the subcategorization scheme to simplify the categories. Previously, mills were grouped by the types of products manufactured. The Cluster Rules reduced the number of subcategories by grouping mills by similar processes. 

The primary goals of the project were to provide leadership in environmental stewardship and flexibility in regulation as an alternative to the command and control approach enumerated in the Cluster Rules (promulgated in 1998). The project, designated International Paper Effluent Improvements Project, was conducted at the International Paper (IP) Androscoggin Paper Mill in Jay, Maine (Figure 21.9) between the project start date of July 29, 2000, and its formal conclusion on December 29, 2004.81... 

U.S. EPA, Fact Sheet EPA s Final Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Cluster Rule-Overview, U.S. EPA, Washington, November 1997. 

Derivatives of the trishomotriborirane dianion P are formed when alkali metals react in donor solvents with 1,3,5-triboracyclohexane derivatives. The dianion [(CHMe)3(MeB)3]2 has 20 SE and according to the cluster rules classifies as 2,4,6-tricarba-hypho-hexaborane-diid. However, the compounds exist as contact ion pairs, and are therefore regarded as heterocarboranes (see Section 3.2.8). 

The EPA passed its "Cluster Rule that requires kraft and soda pulp mills to utilize elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching and all sulfite mills to use ECF or totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching. 

Molecular vs. solid-state clusters rule-breakers... 

The survey has shown that as far as environmental reporting is concerned, the chemicals industry has moved in line with many other industries by issuing a significant number of CERs. No doubt a major reason for this is the high profile it has acquired in the environmental debate. Also, concerns arising from implementation of regulations, such as IPPC (Europe) and the Cluster Rules (USA), must add to the pressure to allay fears arising in stakeholders minds. 

Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas emissions First ACCA coordinated European environmental report awards VROM, Netherlands makes environmental reporting mandatory UK government pushes environmental reporting for large companies EPA, USA finalises Cluster Rules... 

Paper industry producers are generating additional demand for corrosion products due to environmental projects required by the so-called Cluster Rule published by EPA in 1998. MACT regulations have been very slow in coming but phases for compliance fall due by 2006. Due to the massive scale of some of these facilities, potential sales of plastics such as RP materials could be on the up swing. 

More recently, environmental problems have caused certain applications of chlorine to be phased out. Imagined problems have foreclosed its use in other applications. The use of chlorine in the pulp and paper industry and in the production of solvents, which constitute 12% of the total chlorine demand, has declined because of (1) the cluster rules in the pulp and paper industry mandating chlorine-iree bleaching, and (2) the Montreal Protocol, calling for elimination or the reduced production of chlorinated solvents. 

The US pulp and paper mills have conformed to the cluster rules that combine water and air quality regulations, which are based on the total conversion of pulping and bleaching mills to oxygen delignification, and the total chlorine dioxide substitution of chlorine. 

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