Physiology, renal

A discussion of the functions of the nephron usually begins with the ultrafiltration unit, the glomerulus. Approximately 173 liters of fluid containing 

Lamina rara externa Lamina densa Lamina rara interna 

The glomerular filtrate containing virtually very little protein (approximately 30 mg/dl) enters the proximal tubule. Approximately 80% of the water and solute from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule as an isotonic solution. Solutes such as glucose and proteins are almost totally reabsorbed. Creatinine, in contrast, is not reabsorbed. Approximately 65% of the sodium in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by active transport. The rate of reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule, however, is under the 

The distal convoluted tubule regulates the amount of potassium that is secreted and in turn excreted in urine. This is dictated by metabolic needs. The cells of 

The utilization of hydrogen ions to conserve bicarbonate and the titration of excess hydrogen ions with phosphate and ammonia is a means by which the 

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The clinical performance of a hemodialy2er is usually described in terms of clearance, a term having its roots in renal physiology, which is defined as the rate of solute removal divided by the inlet flow concentration as shown in equation 7, where Cl is clearance in ml,/min and all other terms are as defined previously except that, in deference to convention, flow rates are now expressed in minutes rather than seconds and feed side (/) is now synonymous with blood flow on the luminal side. 

Vander, A.J., Renal Physiology, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995. 

Knowledge of renal physiology, and to some extent of its modification by diuretics, has advanced considerably since the subject was reviewed in a previous contribution to this series [286]. Other work quoted [287] at that time strongly suggested that thiazides and diuretics of similar effectiveness exerted their primary... 

Drug clearance principles are similar to the clearance concepts of renal physiology. Clearance of a drug is the factor that predicts the rate of elimination in relation to the drug concentration ... 

Ward, DT and Riccardi, D, 2002, Renal physiology of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor, Pflugers Arch 445 169-176... 

Lubec, G. Pollack, A. "The Glomerular Basement Membrane" Renal Physiology, Karger Basel, 1981 3, p 4-8. 

Levitt, D.G. (2002) The use of Streaming Potential Measurements to Characterize Biological Ion Channels. Membrane Transport and Renal Physiology, 53-63, Springer, New York. 

PURPOSE AND RATIONALE Dogs have been extensively used to study renal physiology and the action of diuretics. Renal physiology of the dog is claimed to be closer to man than that of rats. Oral absorbability of diuretic substances can appropriately be studied in dogs. Using catheters, interval collections of urine can be made with more reliability than in rats. Simultaneously, blood samples can be withdrawn to study pharmacokinetics. 

The focus of this chapter is threefold (1) to review components of renal physiology contributing to susceptibility to chemically induced nephrotoxicity, (2) to examine current methodologies for assessment of nephrotoxicity, and (3) to provide examples of a few specific nephrotoxicants, emphasizing mechanisms thought to contribute to the unique or selective susceptibility of specific nephron segments to these toxicants. 

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 29.2.1 Structural Organization of the Kidney... 

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