Maximum intensity projections

The bottom image in Figure 2.2.15 is a maximum intensity projection of a 100 xm cubic-resolution 3D-image dataset of a blue berry acquired with this system. The network structure of the fruit is clearly visualized. If the MRI console and permanent magnet can be made smaller, a true desktop or handy M R microscope will then be constructed. 

Fig. 2.2.15 Desktop MR microscope system overview (top left) yokeless permanent magnet (top right) and maximum intensity projection image of a blue berry (bottom).

Fig. 2. Soft tissue imaging can be accomplished in pre- and postnatal specimens by micro-CT. Top rowdepicts a maximum intensity projection or WIIP view of an El 5 mouse embryo left) and PO mouse pup (right). Bottom rowdepicts a 2D slice view, technically termed a reformat, of the same El 5 (left) and PO (right) from the data set depicted above. The soft tissue features can be seen along with skeletal signal as volumetric or two-dimensional slices of the specimen in all anatomical viewing planes, including oblique angles, if desired.

Fig.5.1. Typical TOF-MRA (three overlapping slabs) of basal intracranial arteries. Maximum intensity projection. Slightly bright signal from fat tissue (orbits, skin)...

The basic evaluation includes the visual assessment of whole body images, using a 3D viewer, and the analysis of maximum intensity projection (MIP) images. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of suspicious lesions and reference areas is recommended. 

FIG. 2. (A) Maximum intensity projections of the statistical map for the comparison between... 

Figure 2 The Sertoli cell extends from the base of the seminiferous tubule (bottom right) to the lumen (upper left) and has numerous cytoplasmic projections that surround and support germ cells. In this maximum intensity projection of 13 series confocal images, a single Sertoli cell in an intact seminiferous tubule is visible because of green fluorescent protein expression following adenovirus infection. The Sertoli cell nucleus is visible in the basal cytoplasm surrounded by brightfluorescence. The overall length ofthis Sertoli is approximately 100 /xm.

Napel S et al (1992) CT angiography with spiral CT and maximum intensity projection. Radiology 185(2) 607-610. 

Noncontrast and contrast MRA can be postprocessed as maximum intensity projection (MIP) images. This technique first creates a three-dimensional model of the vessels from the MRA raw data. A set of parallel rays are then drawn from the model and the highest intensity along each ray is projected to form a two-dimensional MIP image. Multiple projections of the model are created from different vantage points so that... 

CTA is the best noninvasive test and has high accuracy for detecting proximal intracranial artery occlusions. Maximum intensity projection images fadlitate lesion detection... 

QuickTime movies can be generated following a maximum intensity projection of each Z stack. Editing and labeling of the resulting movies can be performed with Adobe Premier Pro CSS program (Adobe). 

Data sets are transformed in Imaris 7.3.1 (Bitplane) to generate maximum intensity projections for export as Quicktime movies (Fig. 6A and B). Note The neutrophil migration cascade can be observed in the inflamed joint in five mice (Fig. 6C).)... 

Fig. 17.2a,b. PAVM diagnosed using CT with multiplanar reconstructions. CT obtained in axial view (a) and coronal maximum intensity projection view (b) shows a single PAVM of the left lower lobe. The feeding artery, aneurysmal sac and draining vein are easily identified... 

Fig. 7. Maximum intensity projection shows single left-sided SVC (white arrow), with a typical opening into widened coronary sinus (black arrow).

Fig. 15. Axial scan, maximum intensity projection. Anomalous course of great cardiac vein (arrow) with its opening into SVC.

Fig. 5.29. Contrast-enhanced MRA prior to UAE. Maximum intensity projection of a Tl-weighted contrast-enhanced MR angiography depicts the uterine arteries long white arrows) as well as an enlarged the right ovarian artery thick white arrow)...

Basic functions of the GUI include administrative functions as patient and study selection, report viewing and generation, and visualization functions as cine loop, maximum intensity projection (MIP), multi-planar reformatting (MPR including oblique and curved reconstructions, cut planes, measurement tools for distances and angles, magnifying glass, annotations, etc. 

The visual perception of depth (when viewing 3D) data is helped enormously if the viewer can move the data himself. There are many depth cues (stereo, depth from motion, depth from perspective), but depth from motion is the strongest. That is why maximum intensity projections (MIP) are preferably viewed dynamically. By self-tracking also the muscle s proprioceptors are giving feedback to the brain, adding to the visual sensation. The combination with human s superb eye-hand coordination has led to the concept of the Dextroscope (www.dex-troscope.com), where a (computer generated) view or object can be manipulated under a half-transparent mirror, through which the viewer sees the display. Displays can also be equipped with haptic (tactile) feedback systems, which are now commercially available (Fig. 9.13). 

The membranous labyrinth is relatively easier to represent in three dimensions than the bone labyrinth since data are directly acquired by MR. The initial method applied to MR for 3D display of the labyrinth was the MIP (maximum intensity projection). The final image that is obtained represents a projectional roadmap of the labyrinthine components. The simplicity of using MIP has made it the most widely used algorithm for 3D imaging even in this case but since MIP results from summed inten-... 

Medina LS (2000) Three-dimensional CT maximum intensity projections of the calvaria a new approach for diagnosis of craniosynostosis and fractures. Am J Neurora-diol 21 1951-1954... 

Fig. 15.7. Volume-rendered image and maximum intensity projection of a CTA dataset of a patient with two overlapping thoracic stents in the thoracic aorta. CTA also displays normal abdominal aorta and ectatic iliac arteries...

Fig. 15.8. Volume-rendering technique of peripheral run-off study post-processed in standardized fashion with AP, PA, LAO and RAO views. The arteries are always well-displayed in their superficial course. Maximum intensity projections are well-suited for demonstrating the course of the arteries after segmentation of the hones. However, this technique is time-consuming and does not always deliver consistently high image quality...

Byun JH, Kim TK, Lee SS et al (2003) Evaluation ofthe hepatic artery in potential donors for living donor liver transplantation by computed tomography angiography using multidetector-row computed tomography comparison of volume rendering and maximum intensity projection techniques. J Comput Assist Tomogr 27 125-131... 

Soyer P, Dufresne AC, Somveille E, Scherrer A (1996b) Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver assessment of hemodynamic and angioarchitectural patterns with gadolinium chelate-enhanced 3D spoiled gradient-recalled MRI and maximum intensity projection reformatted images. JCAT 20 898-904... 

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