Three-dimensional reconstructions

A full 3D reconstruction gives exact, not statistical, 3D information. Clearly, such a reconstruction requires many images. These may be images of parallel planes, from the TEM of serial sections, or from the AFM of the serial cut faces that microtomy would leave. The confocal scanning microscope (see Section 6.2) is often used to form a 3D image by taking 

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Grangeat P. Mathematical framework of cone beam three-dimensional reconstruction via the first derivative of the Radon transform.. Math. Methods in Tomography, V.1947 of Springer Lecturre Notes in Math-cs, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991, p.66-97. 

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A first example of application of microtomography is taken from life sciences. Here X-ray microscopy and microtomography allows to reconstruct the internal three-dimensional microstructure without any preparation and sometimes even of living objects. Fig. la shows an X-ray transmission microscopical image of bone (femoral head). Several reconstructed cross-sections are shown in Fig.lb. Fig.lc shows the three-dimensional reconstruction of this bone. 

The shape and dimensions of the ATPase molecule (Fig. 4) determined by the three-dimensional reconstruction of two-dimensional Ca -ATPase crystals [88-91,156, 157] can be compared with the distances between fluorophores bound at specified... 

Figure 1.7 illustrates such a three-dimensional reconstruction of the solute distribution in an Al-1.7at%Zn-3.4at%Mg alloy following ageing at 90°C for 20h (Ringer and Hono 2000). These data suggest that the Zn and Mg atoms have formed spherical GP zones of approximately equal Mg-Zn composition. 

Three-dimensional reconstruction of electron momentum densities and occupation number densities of Cu and CuAl alloys... 

Recent developments have allowed for more detailed studies of polymer surface morphology by ESCA. Angle-resolved ESCA (ARXPS) allows for providing chemical compositions from shallower depths. By varying the angle of incidence different depths can be probed, and procedures have been developed to arrive at three-dimensional reconstruction of the surface. An example is shown in Figure 2, where a PVC/PMMA polymer blend has been analysed using such an approach [9]. 

Fig. 26. (a) STEM-HAADF image acquired from the Pd/C sample shown in Fig. 25. (b) Animation of the three-dimensional reconstruction of the object in (a) (119). 

Images such as these and the three-dimensional reconstruction of the structures producing them have made the cross-bridge arrangement in insect muscle the most fully characterised, and have proved invaluable in the interpretation of x-ray diffraction data from this preparation. 

Kargul, J., Nield, J., Barber, J. (2003) Three -dimensional reconstruction of a light-harvesting Complex I-Photosystem I (LHCI-PSI) supercomplex from the green alga Chlamydomonas rein-hardtii., J. Biol. Chem. 278, 16,135-16,141. 

A series of empirical schemes targeting the assembly of ternary complexes on beads have been attempted with varying degrees of success (reviewed in Simons et al, 2005). In Fig. 1, the molecular assemblies that are the subject of this chapter are based on the tethering of G protein heterotrimers to beads by an epitope tag (either hexahistidine or FLAGt ) fused to the N-terminus of the y subunit, and projected away from its binding partners in three-dimensional reconstructions. 

Baradet, T. C., Haselgrove, J. C., and Weisel, J. W. (1995). Three-dimensional reconstruction of fibrin clot networks from stereoscopic intermediate voltage electron microscope images and analysis of branching. Biophys. J. 68, 1551-1560. 

D. F. (2002). Three-dimensional reconstructions of extracellular matrix polymers using automated electron tomography./. Struct. Biol. 138, 130-135. 

Luther, P. K. (1991). Three-dimensional reconstruction of a simple Z-band in fish muscle./. Cell. Biol. 113, 1043-1055. 

Luther, P. K., and Crowther, R. A. (1984). Three-dimensional reconstruction from tilted sections of fish muscle M-band. Nature 307, 566-568. 

Moore, P. B., Huxley, H. E., and De Rosier, D. J. (1970). Three-dimensional reconstruction of F-actin, thin filaments and decorated thin filaments. /. Mol. Biol. 50, 279-295. 

Lehman, W., Craig, R., and Vibert, P. (1994). Ca(2+)-induced tropomyosin movement in Limulus thin filaments revealed by three-dimensional reconstruction. Nature 368, 65-67. 

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