Jute

Polypropylene fibers are used in every aspect of carpet constmetion from face fiber to primary and secondary backings. Polypropylene s advantages over jute as carpet backing are dimensional stabiUty and minimal moisture absorption. Drawbacks include difficulty in dyeing and higher cost. Bulked-continuous-filament (BCF) carpet yams provide face fiber with improved crimp and elasticity. BCF carpet yams are especially important in contract carpets, characterized by low dense loops, where easy cleaning is an advantage. 

China jute Abutilon Bast or soft fibers Abutilon theophrasti China... 

World markets for vegetable fibers have been steadily declining in recent years, mainly as a result of substitution with synthetic materials. Jute has traditionally been one of the principal bast fibers (toimage basis) sold on the world market however, the precipitous decline in jute exports by India (Fig. 2) indicate the decreasing market demand for this fiber that is vitally important to the economies of India (West Bengal), Bangladesh, and Pakistan. 

Among the bast textile fibers, the density is close to 1.5 g/cm, or that of cellulose itself, and they are denser than polyester, as shown iu Table 5. Moisture regain (absorbency) is highest iu jute at 14%, whereas that of polyester is below 1%. The bast fibers are typically low iu elongation and recovery from stretch. Ramie fiber has a particularly high fiber length/width ratio. 

Fig. 3. Cross sections (500x) of bast fibers (a), fiax (b), hemp (c), jute (d), kenaf and (e), ramie.

Jute. Jute fiber is obtained from two herbaceous aimual plants, Corchorus capsularis (linden family, TiUaceae) originating from Asia, and C. olitorius originating from Africa. The former has a round seed pod, and the latter a long pod. Jute is grown mainly in India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Nepal, and Bra2il. 

A cross-sectional view of kenaf is shown in Figure 3d. The ultimate cells are nearly cylindrical with thick cell walls. Kenaf fibers are shorter and coarser than those of jute. Both chemical (kraft) and mechanical pulps have been produced from kenaf, and successful demonstration mns of newsprint have been made for the Dallas Morning Nem, the St. Petersburg Times, and the Bakersfield Californian with a furnish of 82% kenaf chemithermomechanical pulp and 18% softwood kraft pulp. Kenaf fiber is also considered a substitute for jute and used in sacking, rope, twine, bags, and as papermaking pulp in India, Thailand, and the former Yugoslavia. RoseUe bleached pulp is marketed in Thailand. 

Urena and Abutilon. These are less important vegetable fibers of a jute-like nature. Urena lobata (Cadillo) of the mallow family (Malvaceae) is a perennial that grows in Zaire and Brazil to a height of 4—5 m with stems 10—18 mm in diameter. Because of a lignified base, the stems are cut 20 cm above the ground. The plants are defoflated in the field and retted similarly to jute and kenaf. The retted material is stripped and washed and, in some cases. 

Jibutilon theophrasti is a herbaceous annual plant produciag a jute-like fiber. The plant is native to the People s RepubHc of China and is commercially grown ia China and the former USSR. Because of its association with jute ia mixtures and export, it is also called China jute. The plant grows to a height of 3—6 m with a stem diameter of 6—16 mm. After harvesting by hand and defoHation, bundles of the stems are water retted and the fiber is extracted by methods similar to those for jute. The fiber is used for twiae and ropes. 

Jute category now includes jute-like fibers such as kenaf, mesta, roseUe, and congo jute or paka. ... 

Uses Abaca Cantala Henequen Sisal Flax Hemp jute Kenaf Ramie Suim Kapok Coir... 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

Textile. Textile bags are made from natural fibers such as cotton and burlap (see Fibers, vegetable). Burlap or Hessian cloth is woven from jute fibers. Because the supply of jute and, consequendy, its price have been uncertain for many years, textile bags gradually have been replaced by various combinations of textile components with plastic or paper, multiwaH paper bags, or plastic bags (see Textiles). 

Vegetable (based on cellulose) cotton (qv), linen, hemp, jute, ramie Animal (based on proteias) wool (qv), mohair, vicuna, other animal hairs, silk Mineral asbestos (qv)... 

Other Cellulosics. Rayon is bleached similarly to cotton but under milder conditions since the fibers are more easily damaged and since there is less colored material to bleach. Cellulose acetate and triacetate are not usually bleached. They can be bleached like rayon, except a slightly lower pH is used to prevent hydrolysis. The above fibers are most commonly bleached with hydrogen peroxide. Linen, dax, and jute requite more bleaching and mil der conditions than cotton, so multiple steps are usually used. Commonly an acidic or neutral hypochlorite solution is followed by alkaline hypochlorite, peroxide, chlorite, or permanganate, or a chlorite step is done between two peroxide steps. A one-step process with sodium chlorite and hydrogen peroxide is also used. 

A number of papers have appeared on the removal of heavy metals in the effluents of dyestuff and textile mill plants. The methods used were coagulation (320—324), polymeric adsorption (325), ultrafiltration (326,327), carbon adsorption (328,329), electrochemical (330), and incineration and landfiU (331). Of interest is the removal of these heavy metals, especiaUy copper by chelation using trimercaptotria2ine (332) and reactive dyed jute or sawdust (333). 

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