Jute, cellulose

A silane-coupling agent improves the suitability of jute fibers as a reinforcing material. The reaction mechanism of silane treatment of jute fibers and silane treated jute-PP composites is shown in Scheme 7.2. Silane treatment of the jute fibers increased the fiber-matrix interaction through a condensation reaction between hydrolyzed silane and hydroxyl groups of jute cellulose. During the fracture process of silanized composites, the jute fibers were broken without complete... 

Sulfation of jute cellulose with chlorosulfonic acid in pyridine at 30 °C gave partially water-soluble cellulose sulfate with a degree of substitution of 1.56. Water-soluble sodium cellulose sulfates containing 1-3 sulfate groups were prepared by treatment of cellulose with the reagent in pyridine followed by reaction with sodium carbonate. ... 

PP, sometimes PET, jute, cellulosic fibers)), and a latex gluing layer (rubbers of the SBR type with fillers, most often CaC03) [18]. A rough composition of the different layers in a typical carpet covering is shown in Table 2 [18]. 

Among the bast textile fibers, the density is close to 1.5 g/cm, or that of cellulose itself, and they are denser than polyester, as shown iu Table 5. Moisture regain (absorbency) is highest iu jute at 14%, whereas that of polyester is below 1%. The bast fibers are typically low iu elongation and recovery from stretch. Ramie fiber has a particularly high fiber length/width ratio. 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

Vegetable (based on cellulose) cotton (qv), linen, hemp, jute, ramie Animal (based on proteias) wool (qv), mohair, vicuna, other animal hairs, silk Mineral asbestos (qv)... 

Other Cellulosics. Rayon is bleached similarly to cotton but under milder conditions since the fibers are more easily damaged and since there is less colored material to bleach. Cellulose acetate and triacetate are not usually bleached. They can be bleached like rayon, except a slightly lower pH is used to prevent hydrolysis. The above fibers are most commonly bleached with hydrogen peroxide. Linen, dax, and jute requite more bleaching and mil der conditions than cotton, so multiple steps are usually used. Commonly an acidic or neutral hypochlorite solution is followed by alkaline hypochlorite, peroxide, chlorite, or permanganate, or a chlorite step is done between two peroxide steps. A one-step process with sodium chlorite and hydrogen peroxide is also used. 

The filaments of all plant fibers consist of several cells. These cells form crystalline microfibrils (cellulose), which are connected together into a complete layer by amorphous lignin and hemi-cellulose. Multiple layers stick together to form multiple layer composites, filaments. A single cell is subdivided into several concentric layers, one primary and three secondary layers. Figure 5 shows a jute cell. The cell walls differ in their composition and in the orientation of the cellulose microfibrils whereby the characteristic values change from one natural fiber to another. 

The surface energy of fibers is closely related to the hydrophilicity of the fiber [38]. Some investigations are concerned with methods to decrease hydrophilicity. The modification, of wood cellulose fibers with stearic acid [43] hydrophobizes those fibers and improves their dispersion in polypropylene. As can be observed in jute-reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites, treatment with polyvinylacetate increases the mechanical properties [24] and moisture repellency. 

Fibrous organic material (jute storage bags) is oxidised in contact with sodium nitrate above 160°C and will ignite below 220°C [1]. Wood and similar cellulosic materials are rendered highly combustible by nitrate impregnation [2],... 

Xylan occurs in practically all land plants and is said to be present in some marine algae.6 In both wide botanical distribution and abundance in nature it closely follows cellulose and starch. It is most abundant in annual crops, particularly in agricultural residues such as corn cobs, corn stalks, grain hulls and stems. Here it occurs in amounts ranging from 15 to 30%. Hard woods contain 20 to 25% xylan while soft woods contain 7 to 12 %. Spring wood has more pentosan than summer wood. 7 Low strength vegetable fibers of commerce such as jute, sisal, Manila... 

In 1857, Schweizer discovered that ammoniacal solutions of copper hydroxide could dissolve cellulose. Cellulose is a versatile polymer which is found in plenty in nature in the form of cotton, hemp, jute, flax, etc. In 1891, first attempts were made to spin a solution of cellulose. The cellulose produced like this is known as Bemberg Rayon and is still being produced commercially in Germany, Italy, Japan and USA. 

See DUST EXPLOSION INCIDENTS (reference 15) See Calcium oxide Water (reference 3) Potassium chlorate Fabric, 4017 Nitric acid Cellulose, 4436 Hydrogen peroxide Acetic acid, Jute, 4477 See also COTTON... 

Callow, H.J. (1951). Acetylation of cellulose and lignin in jute. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 28(11), 605-610. 

It has little, if any, adverse effect on the lung, and there are no reports of organic disease or toxic effect. The health effects attributed to wood, cotton, flax, jute, and hemp are not attributable to their cellulose content but rather to the presence of other substances. 

Cotton and Other Cellulosic Fibres. The dominant natural cellulosic fibre is cotton, the other natural cellulosic fibres, or bast fibres, include flax, linen, jute and ramie. The so-called regenerated fibres, which include viscose, modal fibres and lyoceU (Tencel), are made by various chemical treatments of cellulosic substrates. The dyeing and printing of cellulosic fibres and materials is carried out using, in decreasing order of scale and importance, reactive, direct and vat dyes. ... 

Bast or Bass is the fibrous inner bark of linden, lime and some milkweed trees. It is used for ropes, mats, peasant shoes(such as Rus"lapti"). The term blast fiber is applied to fibers obtained from the inner bark of flax, hemp, jute, ramie, etc. They contain a considerable amt of cellulose and can be nitrated to NC. However, these substances are more valuable as fabric materials than as sources of NC. Ramie has been used in France for prepn of pure NC Ref J.T.Marsh F.C.Wood, "An Introduction to the Chemistry of Cellulose",Chapman Hall, London( 1945), 1,3 12... 

The natural fibers obtained from cotton, wood, flax, hemp, and jute all are cellulose fibers and serve as raw materials for the textile and paper industries. In addition to its use as a natural fiber and in those industries that depend on wood as a construction material, cellulose is used to make cellulose acetate (for making rayon acetate yarn, photographic film, and cellulose acetate butyrate plastics), nitric acid esters (gun cotton and celluloid7), and cellulose xanthate (for making viscose rayon fibers). The process by which viscose rayon is manufactured involves converting wood pulp or cotton Iinters into cellulose xanthate by reaction with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide ... 

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