Irritant treatment

Tretinoin is available as 0.05% solution (most irritating), 0.01% and 0.025% gels, and 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1% creams (least irritating). Treatment initiation with 0.025% cream usually is recommended for mild acne in patients with easily irritated and nonoUy skin, 0.01% gel for moderate acne in easily irritated skin with oily complexion, and 0.025% gel for moderate acne with nonsensitive and oily skin. A flare of acne may appear suddenly after initiation of treatment, followed by clinical clearing in about 8 to 12 weeks. ... 

The role of skin irritation in the development of skin tumors was investigated by Nessel et al. (1998). In lifetime C3F1 mouse skin-painting studies, MDFs, including a straight-run kerosene, were applied neat and in 50% and 28.6% dilutions. Treatment with the neat straight-run kerosene induced skin tumors and skin irritation treatment with the diluted material produced neither... 

Topical tretinoin was a major advance in dermatologic therapeutics, finding application in a wide variety of dermatoses including acne. Skin irritation is the most common and frequently limiting side effect and reversible hypopigmenta-tion may occur as they do with other irritants. Treatment of some diseases may be impeded because of poor penetration through the thickened stratum comeum. 

There is no specific antidote for acrolein exposure. Treatment of exposure should be directed at the control of symptoms and the clinical condition. Most of the harmful effects of acrolein result from its highly irritating and corrosive properties. 

Health and Safety Factors. Boron trifluoride is primarily a pulmonary irritant. The toxicity of the gas to humans has not been reported (58), but laboratory tests on animals gave results ranging from an increased pneumonitis to death. The TLV is 1 ppm (59,60). Inhalation toxicity studies in rats have shown that exposure to BF at 17 mg/m resulted in renal toxicity, whereas exposure at 6 mg/m did not result in a toxic response (61). Prolonged inhalation produced dental fluorosis (62). High concentrations bum the skin similarly to acids such as HBF and, if the skin is subject to prolonged exposure, the treatment should be the same as for fluoride exposure and hypocalcemia. No chronic effects have been observed in workers exposed to small quantities of the gas at frequent intervals over a period of years. 

Beneficiation faciUties require air and water pollution control systems, including efficient control of dust emissions, treatment of process water, and proper disposal of tailings (see AiRPOLLUTlON CONTROLMETHODS). In handling finished fluorspar, operators must avoid breathing fluorspar dust and contacting fluorspar with acids. Proper disposal of spills and the use of respirators and other personnel protective equipment must be observed. Contact with fluorspar may irritate the skin and eyes. 

In additional EPA studies, subchronic inhalation was evaluated ia the rat for 4 and 13 weeks, respectively, and no adverse effects other than nasal irritation were noted. In the above-mentioned NTP chronic toxicity study ia mice, no chronic toxic effects other than those resulting from bronchial irritation were noted. There was no treatment-related increase ia tumors ia male mice, but female mice had a slight increase in bronchial tumors. Neither species had an increase in cancer. Naphthalene showed no biological activity in other chemical carcinogen tests, indicating Htde cancer risk (44). No incidents of chronic effects have been reported as a result of industrial exposure to naphthalene (28,41). 

The concentration of inorganic and organic chloramines in pool water is controlled by superchlorination or shock treatment. Because chloramines are decomposed by sunlight, their effects are more noticeable in indoor pools or spas. Nitrogen trichloride, the primary volatile chloramine, is a strong irritant similar to chlorine. Its effect is noticeable at >0.5 mg/m (>0.1 ppm) (73). The concentration of NCl depends on the extent of ventilation and typically varies from 0.2 to 0.5 mg /m (0.04 to 0.1 ppm) (74). 

In medicine, the internal uses of benzoic acid are relatively unimportant. Its principal medicinal use is external it is used in dermatology as an antiseptic stimulant and irritant. Combined with salicyLic acid [69-72-7] benzoic acid is employed in the treatment of ringworm of the scalp and other skin diseases (Whitfield s ointment). 

The effects of dmgs and adjuvants must be assessed, both in short-term administration and during chronic treatment. Local effects include changes in mucocihary clearance, cell damage, and irritation. Chronic erosion of the mucous membrane may lead to inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and deterioration of normal nasal function (76). 

Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is an acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and weakness. Gastroenteritis has many causes, such as bacteria (food poisoning), viruses, parasites, consumption of irritating food or drink, as well as stress. Treatment for the condition depends on the underlying cause. 

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