Mucous membrane substances irritant

Sodium peroxide is a powerful irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes (2) protective clothing should be worn when handling. This product has been assigned UN No. 1504 and should be transported ia accordance with international transport regulations pertaining to Class 5.1, oxidi2ing substances. It is manufactured by Metaux Speciaux (France), Nippon Soda (Japan), and Tosoh Corp. (Japan). Trade names that have been used for this product are Solo2one and Flocool 180. 

Unlike chloroformates, diethyl and dimethyl carbonates are only mildly irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Diethylene glycol bis(aHyl carbonate) may be irritating to the skin, but it is not classified as a toxic substance however, it is extremely irritating to the eyes. 

The halog en derivatives of the aromatic hydrocarbons, like those of the aliphatic series, are colourless licjuids or solids, denser than water, and possessing an agreeable smell, unless the side-chain is substituted. The latter substances can often be distinguished by their irritating action on the eyes and mucous membrane of the nose (see Prep. 86, p. 194). 

A non-corrosive substance which, through immediate, prolonged or Irritant repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, can cause inflammation. 

The effect differs according to time and place. So far as the time effect is concerned, there is a need to distinguish acute effect, which appears a short while after the substance penetration, from the long term or chronic effect, for which effects can be identified after several years of exposure. The action can be local, ie contact point with the substance, or systemic , reaching organs that are distant from the penetration point.The local effect affects skin and eyes and/or mucous membranes, especially the inhalation ones. The local effects are irritant and sensitive. 

Hydrochloric acid Clear, colorless liquid with no fire or explosion hazard. It is a moderate irritant to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes and by ingestion and inhalation. Throat irritation occurs with concentrations of 35 ppm. Highly reactive with a wide variety of substances. 

Draize, J. H. Woodward, G., and Calvery, H. O., Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes, J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 82, 377, 1944. 

Nasal Administration. A route that has gained increasing popularity of late for pharmaceutical administration in humans is the intranasal route. The reasons for this popularity are the ease of use (and, therefore, ready patient acceptance and high compliance rate), the high degree and rate of absorption of many substances (reportedly for most substances up to 1000 molecular weight McMartin et al., 1987), and the avoidance of the highly acid environment in the stomach and first-pass metabolism in the liver (particularly important for some of the newer peptide moieties) (Attman and Dittmer, 1971). The only special safety concerns are the potential for irritation of the mucous membrane and the rapid distribution of administered materials to the CNS. 

Many accidents have been reported involving the preparation and the use of this compound. The compound is sensitive to heat and shock. Reactions with organic matter, finely divided metals and other readily oxidizable substances can be violent to explosive. It is a strong irritant to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. 

Most reactions are violent. Accidental contact with a number of organics and inorganic substances may present a fire or explosion hazard. Rapid mixing with water can be explosive. The compound is highly corrosive. Skin contact can cause a severe burn. Vapors are highly irritating to eyes, nose and mucous membranes. (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd. New York John Wiley Sons.)... 

Riot-control agents—such as CS, CN, and CR—are solids. Edge-wood scientists felt that dissemination and decontamination would be simpler with a volatile liquid agent. Research led to the produc tlon and testing of l-methoxy-l,3,5-cycloheptatriene (CHT, EA 4923), a liquid substance of high volatility (Table 4-40) with physiologic effects typical of riot-control agents (e.g., lacrlmation, skin irrl tatlon, and mucous membrane irritation). 

Iodine is a violet-black crystalline substance. Iodine vapour irritates the respiratory tracts and the mucous membrane. If poisoned by iodine vapour, inhale vapour of a 2% aqueous solution of ammonia. 

The handling of ammonia safely has been discussed by Brandt(Ref 40) and the toxicity of ammonia fumes by inhalation,by Wheatherby (Ref 55) Ohno(Ref 57) noted that the tojcicity of gaseous ammonia was much smaller than that of sulfur dioxide. Both gases produce irritation of mucous membrane and eyes, bronchitis, hyperemia, hemorrage, endema, exudation and pneumonia. Krop(Ref 58) lists the toxiciry and health hazards of ammonia and other substances used as fuels in rocket propellants[Also see Sax(Ref 82) for additional information on the hazards of ammonia]... 

Many substances of widely different chemical structure abolish the excitability of nerve fibers on local application in concentrations that do not cause permanent injury and that may not affect other tissues. Sensory nerve fibers are most susceptible, so that these agents produce a selective sensory paralysis, which is utilized especially to suppress the pain of surgical operation. This property was first discovered in cocaine, but because of its toxicity and addiction liability, it has been largely displaced by synthetic chemicals. The oldest of these, procaine (novocaine), is still the most widely used. Its relatively low toxicity renders it especially useful for injections, but it is not readily absorbed from intact mucous membranes and is therefore not very effective for them. Many of its chemical derivatives are also used. They differ in penetration, toxicity, irritation, and local injury as well as in duration of action and potency. Absolute potency is not so important for practical use as is its balance with the other qualities. If cocaine is absorbed in sufficient quantity, it produces complex systemic actions, involving stimulation and paralysis of various parts of the CNS. These are mainly of toxicological and scientific interest. Its continued use leads to the formation of a habit, resembling morphinism. This is not the case with the other local anesthetics. 

Think twice before pouring this stuff down your drain or spraying in your oven. It s a strong, caustic substance that causes severe corrosive damage to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, as well as the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach. Blindness is reported in animals exposed to as little as 2% dilution for just one minute. Skin is typically damaged by 0.12% dilutions for a period of one hour. Tests with healthy volunteers exposed to the chemical in spray from oven cleaners showed that respiratory tract irritation developed in two to fifteen minutes. Sodium hydroxide is included as a toxic chemical on the EPA s Community Right-to-Know list. It is also a controlled substance in the workplace, and OSHA has set limitations on concentrations in the air. 

As an MCS patient, make sure you never inhale cigarette smoke (including second-hand smoke). Cigarette smoke contains some four thousand chemicals that your body would then attempt to process. Cigarette smoke can be so irritating to your mucous membranes and lungs as to leave you with small infections. Every exposure can lead to a deterioration of your condition and increase the number of substances to which you react sensitively. 

Sinus infections arise because chemical substances or allergens irritate the mucous membrane, causing an infec-... 

Octenidine is an antiseptic with proven antimicrobial qualities, which is frequently used as a disinfectant in surgery as well as antiseptic mouthwash with excellent tolerance especially when used on mucous membranes.23,24 It has even been shown to be effective in eradicating MRSA when used as an octenidine dihydrochloride whole-body wash combined with nasal mupirocin treatment.25 Due to the low irritant and allergic potential as well a low resistance rate, octenidine seems to be a substance with a promising future. 

Workers are potentially exposed to a variety of substances during daily industrial operations. The OSHA estimates that a large segment of workers are simultaneously exposed to more than one substance and suffer from adverse effects. Adverse effects include many acute and chronic diseases (e.g., allergic sensitization, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, dermatitis, erythema, edema, irritation of the mucous membrane, irritation of the skin, kidney disease, liver disease, metabolic interferences, narcosis, neuropathy, ocular effects, odor effects, respiratory diseases, systemic toxicity). These should be properly addressed by concerned management and the individual worker to improve chemical safety. Workers come in contact directly or indirectly during different work conditions hence it is important to understand the possible adverse effects that these chemicals may cause vis-a-vis chemical safety. 

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