Molecular imaging

Rabe J P, Sano M, Batchelder D and Kalatchev A A 1988 Polymers on graphite and gold—molecular images and substrate defects J. MIcrosc. 152 573-83... 

The puipose of this article is to discuss whether and how X-ray contrast media may contribute to molecular imaging. 

X-ray Contrast Agents and Molecular Imaging. Figure 1 Basic chemical structure of water-soluble iodinated X-ray contrast agents. 

Most disease-specific molecular and cellular processes involve low concentrations and have low capacities. Therefore, molecular imaging requires highly sensitive imaging modalities to detect and quantify the imaging probes as it is done with short-lived radioisotopes. Optical imaging and ultrasound are next in sensitivity. MRI would require too high contrast agent concentrations... 

Molecular and cellular processes were visualized by X-ray contrast agents long before the term molecular imaging became popular and even before the advent of early CT (Table 1). Because of the above-mentioned limitations in the sensitivity of contrast detection by X-ray radiography, the latter can only visualize high capacity transport mechanisms and the nonspecific uptake of particles by specialized cells. 

Thakur M, Lentle BC (2005) Report of a summit on molecular imaging. Radiology 236 753-755... 

The first-order decomposition of compound X, a gas, is carried out and the data are represented in the following pictures. The green spheres represent the compound the decomposition products are not shown. The times at which the images were taken are shown below each flask, (a) Determine the half-life of the reaction, (b) Draw the appearance of the molecular image at 8 s. 

Atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful nanotechnology tool for molecular imaging and manipulations. One major factor limiting resolution in AFM to observe individual biomolecules such as DNA is the low sharpness of the AFM tip that scans the sample. Nanoscale 1,3,5,7-tetrasubstituted adamantane is found to serve as the molecular tip for AFM and may also find application in chemically well-defined objects for calibration of commercial AFM tips [113]. 

Fig. 9a,b. The molecular images of the monoclonal IgM on a cleaved highly orientated pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) smdace and schematic representation of the images for IgM. A flat pentagram (a) and a smaller object with higher center (b)... 

MacKinnon, N. (2005). Spectrally programmable light engine for in vitro or in vivo molecular imaging and spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 44, 2033 -4. 

Sokolov, K., Aaron, J., Hsu, B., Nida, D., Gillenwater, A., Follen, M., Macaulay, C., Adler-Storthz, K., Korgel, B., Discour, M., Pasqualini, R., Arap, W., Lam, W. and Richartz-Kortum, R. (2003) Optical systems for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer. Technology in Cancer Research ei Treatment, 2, 491-504. 

R. M. Caprioli, T.B. Farmer and J. Gile, Molecular imaging of biological samples localization of peptides and proteins using MALDI TOF MS, Anal. Chem., 69, 4751 4760 (1997). 

MR Molecular Imaging and Drug Targeting of Atherosclerosis with Contrast Agents... 

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