Involve Stakeholders

Anticipate and engage all stakeholders. There is much at stake in major curricular reform, and many individuals in positions of responsibility, authority, and personal intellectual investment are available to help, or to hinder, if personal and professional relationships are not thoughtfully developed and nurtured. With all on board, difficulties become minor bumps in the road with key players left wondering what is happening, the same difficulties can become insurmountable obstacles. Collaboratively developed materials are likely to transition successfully to the classroom the same materials inflicted on over-burdened teachers are likely to fail. 

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In a final step, both exposure assessors and risk managers and eventually the involved stakeholders should understand the range of factors influencing the subjectivity of choices and assumptions of exposure assessors. 

My last point concerns the processes that are put in place to involve stakeholders in receiving information about Novartis-based development and seeking advice for research directions themselves. Stakeholders in this context are the general public— people without direct financial investment in the program. I contrast this with special interests who do have a financial investment. In this situation, a public university can be perceived, if it is not careful, as working for the benefit of special interests rather than the public. I believe the political environment of UC and of higher education in general is... 

What processes have been put in place to involve stakeholders in receiving information about Novartis-based developments and seeking advice for research directions How has this been received ... 

An anecdote involving stakeholder interaction and supply chain collaboration will serve to illustrate several of these points and begin the dialog about how these reporting requirements can lead to improved business planning. Polyvinyl chloride, also... 

Plan to involve stakeholders in the process of integrating the program... 

Promotion of consensus through involving stakeholders in designing and implementing the Confidence in Chemicals initiative. 

During the whole process it is important to involve stakeholders, to ensure that dieir interests and views are correctly understood in the problem identification and problem solution phases. They must also share the conceptual understanding of the system and have confidence in the scientific basis of the assessments of the programme of measures. Furthermore, it is important to evaluate the uncertainty in the different steps and tools used, for instance in the model simulations and in the data collected. Other factors such as social aspects, socioeconomics and restrictions in terms of economy, etc. have to be taken into account in the implementation plan. Stakeholder involvement and uncertainty assessments are not shown as individual steps in die flow chart in Figure 4.1.1, because they should be considered through the whole process. 

Figure 4.2.2 illustrates the main tasks which have to be considered in order to integrate participatory river basin planning and modelling in the process of the WFD implementation. Fundamental works to develop the scheme have been carried out in the German GLOWA-Elbe Project (Wenzel, 2005) and by Soncini-Sessa et al. (2007a, 2007b). Figure 4.2.2 demonstrates that the use of models is potentially beneficial in a number of stages of the framework (blue colour in boxes in Figure 4.2.2). Red colour in boxes indicates the need to involve stakeholders participation (see also Hattermann and Kundzewicz, 2007).

So far, I have presented various ways to conceptualize inclusion in the context of an emergent multilevel framework. From a practical perspective, the question then arises as to how to operationalize inclusion at each of these levels. What are the specihc elements of inclusion As exemplified in many of the quotes in Table 1.1, there are multiple ways to describe these, and the particular elements that are addressed can vary. In this section, I provide illustrative examples of such lists from my own research and consulting work as well as from other sources. First, I briefly discuss the importance of involving stakeholders in generating their own operational descriptions of inclusion, and I give an example of how this can be done. 

As engineering projects are growing in size, the number of involved stakeholders that needs to comply with multinational regulations and certifications, it is not practical and no longer conceivable to have one engineer work on a technical or logistical... 

The preparation of the market for the introduction of fuel cell electric vehicles on the road has to be promoted synergistically with all involved stakeholders (automotive OEMs, energy-/oil-companies, infrastructure companies, authorities and governments) within a pubhc-private partnership activity. The automotive OEMs proved via the design of numerous research vehicles and prototypes, that the technology is ready for the market. The reliability and the technical cmicept have been demonstrated by several automotive OEMs, as for example by Mercedes-Benz... 

Stakeholders actors, functions, disciplines or roles that are involved in the process(es) composing the CE system. Not only directly involved stakeholders (internal organisation, supply chain partners) may be considered, but also external stakeholders that influence the process but have no direct involvement (e.g., governmental institutions, technology providers). 

As an example documented decision about whether or not fulfilling a physician s requirement for a pharmacy preparation is a first step in giving account of or even in involving stakeholders in responsibilities (see Sect. 2.2.3). 

A further trigger of complexity in supply chain management projects is the number of flows influenced by such projects. Besides the physical flow, supply chain projects have to consider the flow of information and often even the financial flow. In most cases this results in an even higher number of involved stakeholders, since IT and finance managers have to be integrated into the project. 

Despite their heterogeneity, the involved stakeholders need to collaborate toward designing and building a complex production system. Indeed, they all provide data and engineering effort to the engineering process. Based on these inputs, many engineering decisions are taken that shape the detailed engineering and implementation of the intended production system (Schmidt et al. 2014). 

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