Conceptual understanding

The composite curves are useful in providing conceptual understanding of the process, but the problem table algorithm is a more convenient calculation tool. 

Another way of predicting liquid properties is using QSPR, as discussed in Chapter 30. QSPR can be used to And a mathematical relationship between the structure of the individual molecules and the behavior of the bulk liquid. This is an empirical technique, which limits the conceptual understanding obtainable. However, it is capable of predicting some properties that are very hard to model otherwise. For example, QSPR has been very successful at predicting the boiling points of liquids. 

The method thus outlined allows the development of a conceptual understanding of the limits of operation of a humidification column. For actual design, the simplifications used herein may be avoided by handling the fundamental equations numerically by computer. 

To gain the most predictive utility as well as conceptual understanding from the sequence and structure data available, careful statistical analysis will be required. The statistical methods needed must be robust to the variation in amounts and quality of data in different protein families and for structural features. They must be updatable as new data become available. And they should help us generate as much understanding of the determinants of protein sequence, structure, dynamics, and functional relationships as possible. 

Upgrading the in-text Examples. About 30% have been revised, to raise the rigor of the quantitative examples and deepen the conceptual understanding of the principles. Many students have admitted (because of the proverbial lack of time) that instead of solving problems at the end of the chapter, they did the Examples (because they had the solution right there to look at). They complained that some of those Examples were too simple to help them prepare for homework and exams. 

Next, an exploration of thermodynamics and equilibrium, based on a conceptual understanding of entropy and Gihbs free energy. This integrated presentation lays a common foundation for these concepts and provides a basis for understanding the origin and form of the equilibrium constant and the behavior of equilibrium systems. 

In chemistry, perhaps because of the significance in visualizing molecular strac-ture, there has been a focus on how students perceive three-dimensional objects from a two-dimensional representation and how students mentally manipulate rotated, reflected and inverted objects (Stieff, 2007 Tuckey Selvaratnam, 1993). Although these visualization skills are very important in chemistry, it is evident that they are not the only ones needed in school chemistry (Mathewson, 1999). For example, conceptual understanding of nature of different types of chemical bonding, atomic theory in terms of the Democritus particle model and the Bohr model, and... 

Significant problems have been identified in the science education literature about the laboratory/practical courses, in particular about the ineffectiveness of laboratory instruction in enhancing conceptual understanding (Hofstein, 2004 Hofstein Lunetta, 1982 2004). The type of laboratory instruction plays certainly an important role in this deficiency. 

The stndents nnderstanding of the three levels of chemical representation of matter forms the fonndation of their conceptual understanding of chemistry. Kozma and Rnssell (1997) identified significant differences in fhe representational competence of experts and novices, suggesting that the development of skills in... 

Gobert, J. D., Clement, J. J. (1999). Effects of student-generated diagrams versus studentgenerated summaries on conceptual understanding of causal and dynamic knowledge in plate tectonics. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 56(1), 39-53. 

Sanger, M. J. (2005). Evaluating students conceptual understanding of balanced equations and stoichiometric ratios using a particulate drawing. Jownua/ of Chemical Education, 52(1), 131-134. 

Gabel, D. (1993). Use of the particulate nature of matter in developing conceptual understanding. Journal of Chemical Education, 70(3), 193-197. 

In summary, the advances of the past few years have well demonstrated both the challenges and the promise of the Pt(II)/Pt(IV) redox couple for alkane functionalization. It should also be mentioned that the emerging conceptual understanding of the elementary steps involved in this process has also contributed to the development of methods to activate and functionalize alkyl groups in complex organic molecules. 

Although mass transfer across the water-air interface is difficult in terms of its application in a sewer system, it is important to understand the concept theoretically. The resistance to the transport of mass is mainly expected to reside in the thin water and gas layers located at the interface, i.e., the two films where the gradients are indicated (Figure 4.3). The resistance to the mass transfer in the interface itself is assumed to be negligible. From a theoretical point of view, equilibrium conditions exist at the interface. Because of this conceptual understanding of the transport across the air-water boundary, the theory for the mass transport is often referred to as the two-film theory (Lewis and Whitman, 1924). 

The role of quantum theory in chemistry has a history of almost 100 years, and the advances have been important. Nowadays, it is possible to do quantitative predictions with chemical accuracy for middle-size molecules, and some type of calculations, especially density functional-based methodologies, are routinely done in many chemical laboratories. One very important aspect on the influence of quantum theory in chemistry is the one of understanding. There are many chemical concepts which can be understood only through the laws of quantum mechanics. This chapter is about conceptual understanding and is not about the other very important issue of computing with chemical accuracy. 

The time frames associated with the later two phases are dependent on the volume of residual hydrocarbon that remains following initial recovery, hydrogeologic conditions, among other factors, and are further discussed in Chapters 9 and 10, respectively. Important factors such as the presence and extent of residual hydrocarbons, and conceptual understanding of relative permeability and transmissivity as they relate to NAPL recovery, are further discussed below. 

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