Invalid State

The structure is not compliant with chemical conventions and the compound transitions to the Invalid State. 

The invalid state is an abnormal condition that is generally handled in a manner similar to process alarms. The transition state is not considered to be an abnormal state but may be implemented in either of the following ways ... 

Figure 2 presents a higher-level view of our client-model state machine data and bit-control states are not represented in the figure. The lines with arrows show the transitions of the cache state at the originating client. The text near each line describes the conditions at the other clients that caused the transition, as well as the effect on the other client s state. For example, from the invalid state, a load miss will always cause a RSP transaction. The terminal state for the load miss will be either Private-Clean (if any other client had the cache line invalid or dirty) or Shared (if another client had the cache line shared or private-clean. 

The second condition is complicated by the fact that the failed element may induce an invalid state in the rest of the system. Consequently, care must be taken to ensure that the failed item is completely isolated from the system, so that the latter s state may be properly determined before changeover occurs. 

Amorphous materials exliibit speeial quantum properties with respeet to their eleetronie states. The loss of periodieify renders Bloeh s theorem invalid k is no longer a good quantum number. In erystals, stnietural features in the refleetivify ean be assoeiated with eritieal points in the joint density of states. Sinee amorphous materials eaimot be deseribed by k-states, seleetion niles assoeiated with k are no longer appropriate. Refleetivify speetra and assoeiated speetra are often featureless, or they may eonespond to highly smoothed versions of the erystalline speetra. 

Invalid. The transition time has expired, and the limit switch inputs are not consistent with the commanded state for the valve. 

The mechanical properties, especially the internal stresses set up by interaction of substrate and deposit, have a close bearing on the behavior of metallic interconnects (electrical conductors) in integrated circuits. Such interconnects suffer from more diseases than does a drink-sodden and tobacco-crazed invalid, and stress-states play roughly the role of nicotine poisoning. A very good review specifically of stresses in films is by Nix (1989). 

We also give calculations of the performance of some of these various gas turbine plants. Comparison between such calculations is often difficult, even spot calculations at a single condition with state points specified in the cycle, because of the thermodynamic assumptions that have to be made (e.g. how closely conditions in a chemical reformer approach equilibrium). Performance calculations by different inventors/authors are also dependent upon assumed levels of component performance such as turbomachinery polytropic efficiency, required turbine cooling air flows and heat exchanger effectiveness if these are not identical in the cases compared then such comparisons of overall performance become invalid. However, we attempt to provide some performance calculations where appropriate in the rest of the chapter. 

It is unnecessary to remove invalid or obsolete documents if you provide staff with the means of determining the pertinent issues of documents to use. There are often valid reasons for retaining obsolete documents. What may be obsolete in one situation may not be obsolete in another. In simple terms an obsolete document is one which is no longer required for operational purposes. As stated earlier, there are cases where various issues of the same document may need to be used and in such cases none of the documents is obsolete. One may need to remove copies of previous versions of a document but retain the master for reference purposes. You cannot demonstrate to an assessor that you corrected a deficiency if you don t retain the version that contained the deficiency as well as the subsequent version. 

That some silver does dissolve to form Ag+ can be verified experimentally by adding a little KI to the solution. Silver iodide has an even lower solubility than does silver chloride. The experiment shows that the amount of silver that dissolves is sufficient to cause a visible precipitate of Agl but not of AgCl. This places the Ag+ ion concentration below 10-10 M but above 10-17 M. Either of these concentrations is so small that we can consider our prediction for the standard state to be applicable here too—silver metal does not dissolve appreciably in 1 M HC1. In general, the question of whether a prediction based upon the standard state will apply to other conditions depends upon how large is the magnitude of °. If ° for the overall reaction is only one- or two-tenths volt (either positive or negative), then deviations from standard conditions may invalidate predictions that do not take into account these deviations. 

Whereas the quasi-chemical theory has been eminently successful in describing the broad outlines, and even some of the details, of the order-disorder phenomenon in metallic solid solutions, several of its assumptions have been shown to be invalid. The manner of its failure, as well as the failure of the average-potential model to describe metallic solutions, indicates that metal atom interactions change radically in going from the pure state to the solution state. It is clear that little further progress may be expected in the formulation of statistical models for metallic solutions until the electronic interactions between solute and solvent species are better understood. In the area of solvent-solute interactions, the elastic model is unfruitful. Better understanding also is needed of the vibrational characteristics of metallic solutions, with respect to the changes in harmonic force constants and those in the anharmonicity of the vibrations. 

That all actual processes are irreversible does not invalidate the results of thermodynamic reasoning with reversible processes, because the results refer to equilibrium states. This procedure is exactly analogous to the method of applying the principle of Virtual Work in analytical statics, where the conditions of equilibrium are derived from a relation between the elements of work done during virtual i.e., imaginary, displacements of the parts of the system, whereas such displacements are excluded by the condition of equilibrium of the system. 

Case D is an interesting one, since fcimp and kpt, but not ss, are good approximations to A3. With the values given, [I] is not much smaller than [A], but is about one-half of it. That is, the A I step rapidly equilibrates with substantial conversion of A to I. This is not consistent with the ordinary steady-state assumption, so it comes as no surprise that kss is an invalid approximation compared to A3 itself. 

Emission of light due to an allowed electronic transition between excited and ground states having the same spin multiplicity, usually singlet. Lifetimes for such transitions are typically around 10 s. Originally it was believed that the onset of fluorescence was instantaneous (within 10 to lO-" s) with the onset of radiation but the discovery of delayed fluorescence (16), which arises from thermal excitation from the lowest triplet state to the first excited singlet state and has a lifetime comparable to that for phosphorescence, makes this an invalid criterion. Specialized terms such as photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence, anodoluminescence, radioluminescence, and Xray fluorescence sometimes are used to indicate the type of exciting radiation. 

Since the 1993 court decision against Barr Laboratories, 5 tjjg elimination of outliers has taken on a decidedly legal aspect in the U.S. (any non-U.S. company that wishes to export pharmaceuticals or preciwsor products to the U.S. market must adhere to this decision concerning out-of-specifica-tion results, too) the relevant section states that ... An alternative means to invalidate an individual OOS result... is the (outlier test). The court placed specific restrictions on the use of this test. (1) Firms cannot frequently reject results on this basis, (2) The USP standards govern its use in specific areas, (3) The test cannot be used for chemical testing results. ... A footnote explicitly refers only to a content uniformity test, 5 but it appears that the rule must be similarly interpreted for all other forms of inherently precise physicochemical methods. For a possible interpretation, see Section 4.24. 

In most cases, the observables measured in the study of a chemical reaction are interpreted under the following (often valid) assumptions (1) each product channel observed corresponds to one path on the PES, (2) reactions follow the minimum energy path (MEP) to each product channel, and (3) the reactive flux passes over a single, well-defined transition state. In all of the reactions discussed in this chapter, at least one, and sometimes all of these assumptions, are invalid. 

Maintenance of the integrity of matrices used for tield fortification samples is of the utmost importance to the tield investigator since cross-contamination of the matrix prior to tield fortification could lead to tield spike recoveries for matrices of a questionable nature. The matrices to be used for tield fortification samples must be maintained in a pristine state prior to use in the tield. Inadvertent contamination of the tield fortitication matrices will invalidate any tield fortification samples which are prepared. Extreme care must be taken to ensure that these matrices stay free of any residue of the test substance. 

In PAMPA measurements each well is usually a one-point-in-time (single-timepoint) sample. By contrast, in the conventional multitimepoint Caco-2 assay, the acceptor solution is frequently replaced with fresh buffer solution so that the solution in contact with the membrane contains no more than a few percent of the total sample concentration at any time. This condition can be called a physically maintained sink. Under pseudo-steady state (when a practically linear solute concentration gradient is established in the membrane phase see Chapter 2), lipophilic molecules will distribute into the cell monolayer in accordance with the effective membrane-buffer partition coefficient, even when the acceptor solution contains nearly zero sample concentration (due to the physical sink). If the physical sink is maintained indefinitely, then eventually, all of the sample will be depleted from both the donor and membrane compartments, as the flux approaches zero (Chapter 2). In conventional Caco-2 data analysis, a very simple equation [Eq. (7.10) or (7.11)] is used to calculate the permeability coefficient. But when combinatorial (i.e., lipophilic) compounds are screened, this equation is often invalid, since a considerable portion of the molecules partitions into the membrane phase during the multitimepoint measurements. 

Reactions of n-n excited molecules have been termed half-allowed reactions on this basis. 131> The zn-n state should be stabilized by the polar solvent I82,i33)( and one would then expect less of the head-to-head dimer. This argument ignores the dipole-dipole effect and could be invalid on those grounds. 

This method is invalid because the temperature in the denominator of the equation must be the temperature at which the liquid-vapor transition is at equilibrium. Liquid water and water vapor at 1 atm pressure (standard state, indicated by ) are in equilibrium only at 100° C = 373 K. 

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