Nicotinic poisoning

The mechanical properties, especially the internal stresses set up by interaction of substrate and deposit, have a close bearing on the behavior of metallic interconnects (electrical conductors) in integrated circuits. Such interconnects suffer from more diseases than does a drink-sodden and tobacco-crazed invalid, and stress-states play roughly the role of nicotine poisoning. A very good review specifically of stresses in films is by Nix (1989). 

Nikotin-gehalt, m. nicotine content, -saure, /. nicotinic (or nicotic) acid, -vergiftung, /. nicotine poisoning. 

JM Faulkner. Nicotine poisoning by absorption through the skin. J Am Med Assoc 100 1664-1665, 1933. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2003. Nicotine poisoning after ingestion of contaminated ground beef—Michigan, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (18) 413-16. 

The skin absorption of nicotine and subsequent adverse effects make it an effective pesticide. Nicotine poisoning occurs primarily by children coming into contact with nicotine insecticides or tobacco products. 

Ballard, T., ]. Ehlers, E. Freund, M. Auslander, V. Brandt, and W. Halperin. Green tobacco sickness occupational nicotine poisoning in tobacco workers. Arch Environ Health 1995 50(5) 384-389. 

Ingestion of excessive amounts of nicotine can result in nicotine poisoning, the signs and symptoms of which include pallor, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting, salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, auditory and visual disturbance, tremor, confusion, and weakness. Hypotension and respiratory failure develop with large overdoses. The minimum oral acute lethal dose for nicotine in adult humans is estimated to be only 40 to 60 mg. 

Treatment of acute nicotine poisoning is largely symptom-directed. Muscarinic excess resulting from parasympathetic ganglion stimulation can be controlled with atropine. Central stimulation is usually treated with parenteral anticonvulsants such as diazepam. Neuromuscular blockade is not responsive to pharmacologic treatment and may require mechanical respiration. 

Nicotine poisoning A consequence of nicotine overdose, characterized by palpitations, dizziness, sweating, nausea, or vomiting (Chapter 7). 

In humans, the symptoms of acetylcholine poisoning resemble on the one hand the syndrome of nicotine poisoning (muscle twitch, excitability, followed by muscular paralysis) and, on the other hand, the syndrome of muscarine poisoning (nausea, pain, exudation, increased diuresis, dyspnoea, pulmonary oedema). Owing to the effect on the central nervous system, the loss of sense of orientation, ataxy, tremor, derangement of consciousness and fainting occur simultaneously. 

In fatal nicotine poisoning some, or all, of fhe above symptoms may be transiently observed but death can occur in a very short time ranging from virfually immediately after ingestion to about an hour. Rarely have subjects receiving high lethal doses of nicotine survived more than two hours. 

It is generally thought that the action of nicotine in producing convulsions is via the central nervous system and is associated with the ventricle areas of fhe brain. Death results from peripheral paralysis of respiratory muscles. Post-mortem findings show that the blood of nicotine poisoned subjects is often dark and that excessive amoimts of blood are frequently present in the heart. 

In most cases of death through nicotine poisoning the total nicotine content of the various organs is far in excess of the lethal dose and is distributed throughout the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, liver, heart, kidneys, as well as lungs, blood and spleen. 

The onset of symptoms of acute, severe nicotine poisoning is rapid nausea, salivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, cold sweat, headache, dizziness, disturbed hearing and vision, mental confusion, and marked weakness. Faintness and prostration ensue the blood pressure falls breathing is difficult the pulse is weak, rapid, and irregular and coUapse may be followed by terminal convulsions. Death may result within a few minutes from respiratory failure. 

Acute Nicotine Poisoning. Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary. 5th edition. St. Louis Mosby, 1998. 

IV. Diagnosis is suggested by vomiting, pallor, and diaphoresis, although these symptoms ate nonspecific. The diagnosis is usually made by a history of tobacco, insecticide, or therapeutic nicotine product exposure. Nicotine poisoning should be considered in a small child with unexplained vomiting whose parents consume tobacco. 

Davies P et al Acute nicotine poisoning associated with a traditionai remedy for eozema. Arch DIs Chlld200 85(6) 500-502. [PMiD 11719343] (Case report of aoute severe poisoning in an 8-year-oid after topioai appiioation of a traditionai remedy serum niootine was 89 ng/mL, and serum cotinine was 1430 ng/mL.)... 

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