Intrinsically antistatic

Antistatic thermoplastic resin compositions that are intrinsically antistatic have been described. These are, for example, thermoplastic resin compositions composed from poly(ether ester amide) and a thermoplastic resin e.g., styrene based resins, poly(phenylene ether) resins and poly(carbonate) resins. These compositions are permanently antistatic and are excellent in their mechanical properties. The compositions are suitable for housing of optical or magnetic recording media (11). 

T. Fukumoto, M. Iwamoto, and A. Kishimoto, Intrinsically antistatic thermoplastic resin compositions., EP Patent 0242158, assigned to Toray Industries, October 21,1987. 

Sotzing [2] prepared intrinsically conducting water-borne dispersions of poly (thieno[3,4-b]thiophene) homopolymer, (II), and copolymers of thieno[3,4-b] thiophene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, (111), for electroactive applications including electrochromic displays, optically transparent electrodes, and antistatic coatings. 

Conductive fillers, intrinsically conductive polymers, and organic additives are used as antistatics. There is no common product available which has a combination of the above. The only known combinations are particulate and fibrous conductive fillers, which are claimed to produce a better effect. 

Finally we address the emulsion layers that contain light-sensitive silver halide. Some of these other layers, as discussed above, contain particulates such as matte beads in overcoats, nanoparticulate semiconductors in antistat layers, copolymeric latexes in subbing layers, etc. Such layers are intrinsically composite multiphase layers, and this is also the case for the light-sensitive emulsion layers. In addition to microcrystals or nanocrystals of silver halide, present to capture light and to form developable... 

Many kinds of polymers are used in the electronics industries, from polyethylene to so-called super engineering plastics, such as polyethersulfone or polyimide. Almost all of them require additives. The reason for this is either to retain intrinsic characteristics or to extend those characteristics. In order to retain properties, polymers need process and heat stability, thermal stability or light stability. For the acquisition of new function, many kinds of functional additives can be added. Metal deactivators, antistatic agents and flame retardants are just some examples. 

Intrinsically Conducting Polymers and Their Composites for Anticorrosion and Antistatic Applications... 

Permanent antistats do not depend on the relative humidity and they do not lose their effectiveness in a short time. One type is exemplified by the use of polyether-polyamide block copolymers combined with an intrinsically conducting substance, and another class consists of neoalkoxytitanates or zirconates. These compounds form non-blooming, bipolar layers, producing a surface and volume electron-transfer circuit, which produces a permanent antistatic effect. They are independent of atmospheric moisture and compatible with a wide range of polymers, including polyolefins, polyesters, polystyrene and PVC. Inherently conducting polymer additives such as sulfonated polyanilines are also used. They are discussed further in Chapter 5. 

Irgastat P from Ciba Specialty Chemicals is an antistatic agent composed of an intrinsically conductive material and a polyamide. It constitutes a permanently static dissipative system and... 

Of all known intrinsically conducting polymers, polypyrrole is probably the one most frequently used in commercial applications, mainly due to the long-term stability of its conductivity and to the possibility of forming homopolymers or composites with optimal mechanical properties [1-5]. The preparation of soluble and processible polypyrroles, with an additional improvement in atmospheric stability, makes these materials serious candidates for use in technological applications, for example, for antistatic or magnetic shielding coatings [6-8], sensors and actuators [9-11], batteries [12-14], and molecular devices or modified electrodes [15-18]. 

Thin solid films are layers that are present on a surface and have their top interface exposed to the environment Their extreme thinness in comparison with their lateral dimensions makes them systems that are infinite in two dimensions and are confined between an infinite gaseous phase and an infinite solid phase in the third one. As a result the global property of a layer is a combination of bulk and interface properties thus, one has to take into accoimt the thickness of the layer and the nature of the substrate when designing a coating for a specific application. Thin layers can be used for various purposes, depending on their surfece and/or bulk intrinsic properties. They can be dense, porous, patterned, multilayered, composite, and so on. Sol-gel films can be found in many different application domains such as optics (e.g., antireflection, self-cleaning, smart windows, and conductive transparent layers), electronics (e.g., microfabrication, low-/ , and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)), protection (e.g., anticorrosion, anti-abrasion, and antistatic), and analysis (e.g., selective sensors). In most of these applications, the function must be identical on the whole surface of the substrate, and thus the thickness has to be controlled as much as possible and must be as uniform as possible. 

Silanes are generally more expensive than the traditional organic and inorganic coatings, but unlike conventional surface protection methodology, they are intrinsically multifunctional so additional features such as chemical resistance, antistatic scratch resistance, or ease of cleaning can be achieved according to customer requirements. 

The bridged transition metal complexes described in Sections 5 and 6 form one of the first stable systems exhibiting intrinsic electrical conductivities, without external oxidative doping, and possess a strong potential for future applications, e.g. as molecular wires in miniaturized machines. Due to their high thermal and chemical stability they are also of interest for technical applications like antistatically equipping foils and fibers [210]. Some of these complexes, e.g. PcTiO also possess excellent photoconductivities [134] and can be used in Xerox machines. 

Therefore the polycondensates workgroup within the Bayer Central Research Department started several projects regarding polyheterocycles in the second half of the 1980s. First, work was focused on polypyrrole, particularly for antistatic layers on thermoplastics like polycarbonate (molded parts or sheets). " After less than two years, the Bayer workgroup was forced to terminate these activities by the intrinsic drawbacks of polypyrrole, like toxicity and high vapor pressure of the monomer, and the intense color and poor transparency of polypyrrole layers itself. 

Another common antistatic agent is carbon black, a form of amorphous carbon with intrinsic conductivity. The conductivity of carbon black, therefore, does not change with humidity. Carbon black is used in coating formulations and as a conductive filler in polymeric materials, especially in the electronics industry. The main drawback of carbon black is its intrinsic black color and the tendency to generate particles that dissipate in the clean room air and may cause undesired shorts. 

Keywords Intrinsically conducting polymer, polyaniline, antistatic, antioxidant, antimicrobial... 

The major application area of PE is in packaging and the relevant functional properties are antistatic, antioxidant and antimicrobial, all of which can be highly valuable for these applications. Usually, different additives are incorporated to introduce these new properties into PE. Intrinsically conducting polymers (ICP) are multi-functional polymers that can offer all of these valuable properties. Incorporating ICPs in the PE matrices thus offers the possibility of employing a single additive to achieve antistatic, antioxidant as well as antimicrobial properties. 

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