Intrauterine growth

Lubchenco, L.O. Hansman, C. and Boyd. E. Intrauterine growth in length and head circumference as estimated from live births at gestational ages from 26 to 42 weeks. Pedi at.ri cs 37 404-408, 1966. 

P-Blockers Generally acceptable on the basis of limited data. Reports of intrauterine growth restriction with atenolol in the first and second trimesters. 

Mills J.L., Holmes L.B., Aarons J.H., et al., Moderate caffeine use and the risk of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth retardation. JAMA, 1993, 269,... 

There seems to be reasonable evidence to suggest that some correlation with an increased risk of intrauterine growth retardation associated with higher concentrations of waterborne chloroform and dichlorobromomethane does exist. 

Kramer MD, Lynch CF, Isacson P, et al. 1992. The association of waterborne chloroform with intrauterine growth retardation. Epidemiology 3(5) 407-413. 

Developmental Effects. Isophorone has been tested by inhalation for developmental effects in rats and mice. Evidence for intrauterine growth retardation was seen at an exposure concentration of 115 ppm (Bio/dynamics 1984a,b). At 150 ppm, exencephaly was seen in several fetuses. While the incidence of this malformation was not statistically significant, it was seen in both species and only in treated animals. Dose-related maternal toxicity was evident in all treatment groups. Isophorone has not been tested for developmental effects by the oral or dermal route. No studies were located demonstrating that isophorone crosses the placenta in animals or in humans, but there is no reason to assume that it does not do so. It is not known whether isophorone could cause developmental effects in humans. 

Smoking (constituents of tobacco smoke) All Intrauterine growth retardation prematurity sudden infant death syndrome perinatal complications... 

It is important to assess multiple outcomes, since a variety of effects may be correlated if a toxicant has multiple targets or if it has a latent effect. For example, intrauterine growth retardation is a well established correlate for many male reproductive problems, such as testicular cancer (Moller Skakkebaek, 1997), cryptorchidism and hypospadias ( et al., 1999b). The correlation of outcomes is a reflection of the intricate biological interactions of the human organism. 

Retardation of intrauterine growth by glucocorticoids has been reported not only in animals but also in man. In a 1990 case from France, dwarfism (as well as Cushing s syndrome) was recorded in a child whose mother had received high-dose glucocorticoids during pregnancy. 

Mygind H, Thulstrup AM, Pedersen L, Larsen H. Risk of intrauterine growth retardation, malformations and other birth outcomes in children after topical use of corticosteroid in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002 81(3) 234-9. 

Oxytocin infusion near term will produce uterine contractions that decrease the fetal blood supply. The fetal heart rate response to a standardized oxytocin challenge test provides information about placental circulatory reserve. An abnormal response suggests intrauterine growth retardation and may warrant immediate cesarean delivery. 

The high toxicities of the nitro phenolic herbicides add to the difficulty of obtaining reliable teratogenicty data and probably account for the paucity of relevant studies in this area. However, studies of the hair dyes--l,2- and 1,4-diaminonitrobenzenes—revealed embryotoxicities and teratogenicities in this series (e.g, cleft palates, intrauterine growth retardation, resorption, blood vessel anomalies, reduced maternal and fetal weights, etc. (ref. 118, abstr. 751 and 752). 

Michalek JE, Rahe AJ, Boyle CA. 1998. Paternal dioxin, preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and infant death. Epidemiology 9 161-167. 

Abel, E. L., Bush, R., Dintcheff, B. A., and Ernst, C. A. (1981). Critical periods for marihuana-induced intrauterine growth retardation in the rat. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 3, 351-354. 

Woodall, S. M., Breier, B. H., Johnston, B. M., and Gluckman, P. D. (1996). A model of intrauterine growth retardation caused by chronic maternal undemutrition in the rat Effects on the somato-trophic axis and postnatal growth.. Endocrinol 150, 231—242. 

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