Fetal weight

Animal data consistently show dibutyltin dichloride to cause dose-dependent developmental toxicity, such as fetal deaths, birth defects, and reductions in fetal weight. 

D are summarized in Table I. Doses of 4 jug/kg/day or more produced maternal toxicity and 100% embryonic lethality. Two and 1 / g/kg/day treatments were also toxic for the mothers and resulted in reduced number of viable fetuses per litter and reduced fetal weights. Lower doses... 

Lind, T. and Hytten, F. E. "Relation of Amnlotlc Fluid Volume to Fetal Weight In the First Half of Pregnancy". 

Decreased fetal weight and increased fetal death were reported following single intravenous injection of pregnant rats with 241Am (activity level 90 pCi/kg or 3,330 kBq/kg) on gestation day 9 (Rommerein and Sikov 1986). The investigators indicated a tendency toward increased incidences of fetuses with anomalous ribs. 

Rat (Wistar) Gd 1-21 ad lib (W) 0.45 (decreased erythrocyte ALAD activity in pups lower fetal weights) Hayashi 1983 PbAc... 

Increased abortion rate no death of does. Weight loss, reductions in feed consumption and fetal and embryotoxic effects, including reduced fetal weight and increased incidence in skeletal variations (Infurna etal. 1988)... 

Single dose on day 9 or 10 of gestation produced reduction in fetal weight no effect when given on days 11, 12, or 13 (USEPA 1980)... 

Air concentrations of 28.5 mg/m3 for 4 h daily on days 9-12 of gestation caused fetotoxic effects and chromosomal damage to liver cells by day 18 effects included reduced survival, impaired growth, retarded limb ossification, and bone abnormalities. At 2.9 mg/m3, a 9.9% decrease in fetal weight was recorded at 0.26 mg/m3, a 3.1% decrease was measured Oral dosages of 400-600 mg/kg BW on days 7-16 of gestation produces fetal malformations (cleft palate), delayed skeletal ossification, and fetal weight reduction 200-600 mg/kg BW daily for 10 days (DMA) produced fetal and maternal toxicity... 

When applied dermally to rats and rabbits, PGDN was not teratogenic and showed no evidence as a reproductive and developmental toxicant at doses that were less than maternally toxic (Cooper et al. 1993). In rats, lower fetal weights reflected the lower body weights of surviving dams. 

Increased postimplantation loss and reduced litter and fetal weights were associated with overt maternal toxicity in rats exposed at 20,000 ppm on days 6 through 16 of gestation. In rabbits, maternal toxicity was observed at 12,600 ppm. There was no evidence of congenital malformations in either species that could be attributed to HCFC-141b exposures. 

The order of sacrifice on the day of cesarean sectioning should be balanced by group (again using random permutations) since fetuses continue to grow during the day and an unbalanced time of sacrifice would bias fetal weights, particularly for rodents. Alternatively, all animals can be killed at about the same time in the... 

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