Fetal intrauterine growth

Oxytocin infusion near term will produce uterine contractions that decrease the fetal blood supply. The fetal heart rate response to a standardized oxytocin challenge test provides information about placental circulatory reserve. An abnormal response suggests intrauterine growth retardation and may warrant immediate cesarean delivery. 

The high toxicities of the nitro phenolic herbicides add to the difficulty of obtaining reliable teratogenicty data and probably account for the paucity of relevant studies in this area. However, studies of the hair dyes--l,2- and 1,4-diaminonitrobenzenes—revealed embryotoxicities and teratogenicities in this series (e.g, cleft palates, intrauterine growth retardation, resorption, blood vessel anomalies, reduced maternal and fetal weights, etc. (ref. 118, abstr. 751 and 752). 

Yamashita F Hayashi M (1985) Fetal PCB syndrome Clinical features, intrauterine growth retardation and possible alteration in calcium metabolism. Environ Health Perspect, 59 41-45. 

H4. Harrast, S. D., and Kalkwarf, H. J., Effects of gestational age, maternal diabetes, and intrauterine growth retardation on markers of fetal bone turnover in amniotic fluid. Calcif. Tissue Int. 62, 205-208 (1998). 

Trinaetliadione Facial dysmorphogenesis, intrauterine growth retardation, intrauterine fetal demise, neonatal demise... 

Enalapril, captopril, and lisinopril (and presumably other ACE inhibitors) cross the placenta in pharmacologically significant amounts (17). There is clear evidence of fetotoxicity when ACE inhibitors are used beyond the first trimester of pregnancy. Since continuation of treatment beyond the first trimester carries an excess risk of low fetal birth weight and other more severe complications, it is important to withdraw the ACE inhibitor at this time. Intrauterine growth retardation, oligohydramnios, and neonatal renal impairment, often with a serious outcome, are characteristic (98) failure of ossification of the skuU or hypocalvaria also appear to be part of the pattern (17). There is also evidence that persistence of a patent ductus arteriosus is also more likely to occur. 

Phenytoin use during pregnancy has been associated with intrauterine growth retardation, mental retardation, craniofacial abnormalities, and digital hypoplasia (e.g., fetal hydantoin syndrome). 

Intrauterine growth retardation and anomalies of the fetal urinary tract, such as bilateral renal agenesis or obstruction of the urethra, are associated with oligohydramnios, an abnormally low amniotic fluid volume. Increased fluid volume is known as hydramnios (also termed polyhydramnios). Conditions associated with hydramnios are as diverse as maternal diabetes mellitus, severe Rli isoimmune disease, fetal esophageal atresia, multifetal pregnancy, anencephaly, and spina bifida. 

The exposure of children during fetal development and early postnatal life to air pollutants is associated with low birth weight, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital defects, preterm and infant mortality, decreased lung growth, increased rates of respiratory tract infections, childhood asthma,... 

Gilbert M, Leturque A (1982) fetal weight and its relationship to placental hlood flow and placental weight in experimental intrauterine growth retardation in the rat. J Dev Physiol 4 237-246... 

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