Postnatal growth

Imprinted genes and the coordination of fetal and postnatal growth in mammals... 

Ghrh (2), Ghrhr (6), Gh (11), Growth-promoting Postnatal growth retardation... 

Ig1 (10) Growth-promoting Fetal and postnatal growth retardation... 

ILasgrfl (9) Paternal Ras-associated G protein Postnatal growth Itier et al 1998 retardation GR weaning 70-75%N adulthood 75—85%N Decreased levels of growth hormone and IGF1 in serum (up to 50%)... 

Itier JM, Tremp GL, Leonard JF et al 1998 Imprinted gene in postnatal growth role. Nature... 

Wang J, Zhou J, Powell-Braxton L, Bondy C 1999 Effects of Igf1 gene deletion on postnatal growth patterns. Endocrinology 140 3391-3394... 

Raff You have emphasized fetal growth, but you would think that postnatal growth, at least until weaning, would be equally important for this competition. Are there imprinted genes that affect postnatal growth ... 

F) 1.25 (10-19% decrease in postnatal growth bi rths decreased postnatal viability) ... 

Chernoff N, Kavlock RJ. 1983. A teratology test system which utilizes postnatal growth and viability in the mouse. Environ Sci Res 27 Short-Term Bioassays Anal Complex Environ Mixtures (3) 417-427. 

Ethanol readily passes across the placenta and into the fetal circulation. The fetal alcohol syndrome has three primary features microcephaly, prenatal growth deficiency, and short palpebral fissures Other characteristics include postnatal growth deficiency, fine motor dysfunction, cardiac defects, and anomalies of the external genitalia and inner ear. A definite risk of producing fetal abnormalities occurs when ethanol consumption by the mother exceeds 3 oz daily, the equivalent of about six drinks. 

The focus of this chapter is on reproductive testing guidelines in the region. These test guidelines cover the assessment of fertility and other aspects of reproductive function in adults, prenatal developmental toxicity (including teratogenicity), and postnatal growth and development. 

Preclinical studies have shown that fetal tetrahydro-cannabinoid levels remain lower than maternal plasma levels, indicating that the placenta may act as a partial barrier to this class of compounds. Decreased birth weight and postnatal growth have been observed in rats prenatally exposed to cannabis. Some studies have observed learning deficits in prenatally exposed animals, while others have not (Lee, 1998). 

Cheung YB, Low L, Osmond C, Barker D, Karlberg J (2000) Fetal growth and early postnatal growth are related to blood pressure in adults. Hypertension, 36(5) 795-800. 

While affected neonates are often small for gestational age [37], postnatal growth failure may occur at any age, after apparently normal development. Severe anorexia, recurrent vomiting, chronic diarrhea with villous atrophy, and/or exocrine pancreatic dysfunction occasionally occur [ 38]. In adulthood, chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction has been occasionally ascribed to MRC deficiency [21]. 

In the kidney the number of nephrons is more or less well established at birth, and the increase in cortex size is predominantly a result of increase in tubular volume. The data of Arataki (84) on the number of rat nephrons per kidney, taken along with the observed increase in size of the kidney, have been used to calculate the average increase in the volume of the individual tubule. This increase in tubular volume results primarily from growth of the proximal segment of the tubule, which is the site of sugar reabsorption. A close correlation between tubular volume and mutarotase content was observed over the entire postnatal growth period (102). 

Rhesus monkeys on a diet containing 0.3 ppm PBB had lengthened menstrual cycles, increased fetal loss, low birth weights and poor postnatal growth of neonates. 

Woodall, S. M., Breier, B. H., Johnston, B. M., and Gluckman, P. D. (1996). A model of intrauterine growth retardation caused by chronic maternal undemutrition in the rat Effects on the somato-trophic axis and postnatal growth.. Endocrinol 150, 231—242. 

Fetal body weight is recorded in the Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study (OECD Test Guideline 414), where the fetuses are killed the day before expected birth. Birth weight and postnatal growth are recorded in all other OECD reproductive toxicity test guidelines. It is important in the evaluation of the data to consider... 

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