Birth outcomes

Bove FJ, Fulcomer MC, Klotz JB, et al. 1995. Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes. 

The team led by Whyatt used regression analysis to assess whether there was a difference in the association between chlorpyrifos exposure and birth outcome before and after the EPA s action in the summer of 2000 which had ended residential use of chlorpyrifos. Prior to 2001, chlorpyrifos clearly had an impact on birth outcome, but after the EPA action taken in June 2000, levels of exposure declined and there was no longer a statistically significant association between insecticide exposure and birth outcome (Whyatt et al., 2004, 2005). This study provides encouraging evidence linking an action driven by the FQPA to a significant reduction in prenatal and infant exposures and risk. 

The target organs of chloroform toxicity in humans and animals are the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys. There is a great deal of similarity between chloroform-induced effects following inhalation and oral exposure. No studies were located regarding reproductive effects in humans after exposure to chloroform alone however, Bove et al. (1995) studied the effects of drinking-water consumption on birth outcomes and found that exposure to TTHM at levels >0.1 ppm resulted in reduced birth weight and size as well as an increased risk of oral cleft, central nervous system, and neural tube defects. Since the authors... 

Wolff MS, Engel SM, Berkowitz GS, Ye X, Silva MJ, Zhu C, Wetmur J, Calafat AM (2008) Prenatal phenol and phthalate exposures and birth outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 116 1092-1097... 

K. J. (1996) Birth outcomes in ptegnant women taking fluoxetine. N Engl J Med 335 1010-1015. 

Hendrick V et al Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antidepressant medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 188 812. [PMID 12634662]... 

Two studies on birth outcomes of wives of employees potentially exposed to 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and/or pentachlorophenol did not show any significant association with regard to reproductive events (lARC, 1986). 

Mygind H, Thulstrup AM, Pedersen L, Larsen H. Risk of intrauterine growth retardation, malformations and other birth outcomes in children after topical use of corticosteroid in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002 81(3) 234-9. 

Chlorpyrifos provides an example of the utility of human pharmacokinetic models to estimate daily dose from biomonitoring data for a rapidly cleared pesticide. The urinary metabolite trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) is used in the NHANES study to monitor population exposure to chlorpyrifos (CDC 2005). Several epidemiologic studies have linked chlorpyrifos exposure to adverse birth outcomes through associations between urinary and blood biomarkers and have demonstrated maternal exposure and physiologic measurements in the neonate (Berkowitz et al. 2003, 2004 Whyatt et al. 2004 Needham 2005). 

Needham, L.L. 2005. Assessing exposure to organophosphorus pesticides by biomonitoring in epidemiologic studies of birth outcomes. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(4) 494-498. NRC (National Research Council). 2000. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

Perera FP, Rauh V, Tsai WY, Kinney P, Camann D, Barr D, Bemert T, Garfinkel R, Tu YH, Diaz D, Dietrich J, Whyatt RM (2003) Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ Health Perspect, 111(2) 201-205. 

Wilhelm M Ritz B (2003) Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994-1996. Environ Health Perspect, 111(2) 207-216. 

Cohen LS, Heller VL, Bailey JW, Grush L, Ablon JS, Bouffard SM. Birth outcomes following prenatal exposure to fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 2000 48(10) 996-1000. 

Eyler FD, Behnke M, Conlon M, Woods NS, Wobie K. Birth outcome from a prospective, matched study of prenatal crack/cocaine use n. Interactive and dose effects on neuro-behavioral assessment. Pediatrics 1998 101(2) 237-41. 

Elliott, R, Briggs, D., Morris, S., Hoogh, C., Hurt, C., Jensen, T.K., Maitland, L, Richardson, S., Wakefield, J., and Jarup, L. 2001. Risk of adverse birth outcomes in populations living near landfill sites. BMJ, 323 363-68. 

Ranjit, N., Siefert, K., Padmanabhan, V. Bisphenol-A and disparities in birth outcomes a review and directions for future research. J. Perinatol. 30, 2-9 (2010)... 

TABLE 17.1. Unadjusted birth outcomes by place of residence and employment (within 2 miles of the WTC)... 

Birth outcomes Group 1 resided Group 2 worked Group 3 neither resided nor worked p-Value... 

Perera, F.P., Whyatt, R.M., Jedrychowski, W., Rauh, V., Manchester, D., Santella, R.M., Ottman, R. (1998). Recent developments in molecular epidemiology a study of the effects of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on birth outcomes in Poland. Am. J. Epidemiol. 147 309-14. 

Wilhelm, M., Ritz, B. (2005). Local variations in CO and particulate air pollution and adverse birth outcome in Los Angeles County, California, USA. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 1212-21. 

Larsen H, Nielsen GL, Sorensen HT, MoUer M, Olsen J, Schonheyder HC. A follow-np stndy of birth outcome in users of pivampiciUin during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000 79(5) 379-83. 

To determine whether loperamide in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of birth malformations, birth outcomes in 105 women who had taken loperamide during pregnancy (89 during the first trimester) were compared with the outcomes in women matched for age, smoking, alcohol, and other exposures (5). There were no differences in the frequencies of birth malformations between the two groups. However, 21 of the women had babies that were 200 g smaller than babies in the control group. 

NSAIDs are among the commonest drugs prescribed for pregnant woman (219). However, the risk of adverse birth outcomes in women who take NSAIDs other than aspirin during pregnancy is largely unknown. 

Nielsen GL, Sorensen HT, Larsen H, Pedersen L. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs population based observational study and case-control study. BMJ 2001 322(7281) 266-70. 

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