Intrapleural administration

Chronic animal studies have also yielded varying results. Intratracheal implantation of lead chromates in rats failed to significantly increase the carcinogenic response after 2 years. Intrapleural administration caused a 9% incidence of lung tumors in rats within 19-21 months. Intramuscular injection resulted in lymphomas, renal tumors, fibrosarcomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas at the site of injection in rats. ... 

De, B., A. Heguy, P.L. Leopold, N. Wasif, R.J. Korst, N.R. Hackett, and R.G. Crystal. 2004. Intrapleural administration of a serotype 5 adeno-associated virus coding for al-antitrypsin mediates persistent, high... 

Carthew P, Hill RJ, Edwards RE, et al. 1992. Intrapleural administration of fibers induces mesothelioma in rats in the same relative order of hazard as occurs in man after exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol ll(6) 530-534. 

The author thought that SIADH had resulted from severe pleurisy secondary to intrapleural administration of picibanil rather than to direct stimulation of antidiuretic hormone release. 

Werebe EC, Pazetti R, Milanez de Campos JR, Fernandez PP, Capelozzi VL, Jatene FB, Vargas FS. Systemic distribution of talc after intrapleural administration in rats. Chest 1999 115(l) 190-3. 

Dichlorodifluoromethane is used as an aerosol propellant in metered-dose inhaler (MDI) formulations, either as the sole propellant or in combination with dichlorotetrafluoroethane, trichloromonofluoromethane, or mixtures of these chlorofluorocarbons. Dichlorodifluoromethane may also be used as a propellant in an aerosolized sterile talc used for intrapleural administration and is also used alone in some MDIs containing a steroid. 

Liu et al. (142) investigated the effect of different particle sizes of activated carbon (0.14-0.24, 0.4-0.6, and 0.7-1.5 pm) on lymphatic distribution following intrapleural administration in healthy immune competent rats, immune competent rats following pneumonectomy, and nude rats with metastatic lung cancer. The activated carbon... 

Intracostal pimction and insertion of a cannula into the pleural cavity is mostly used to induce pleurodesis and thereby reduce pleural effusions. Intrapleural administration of sclerosing agents such as sterile talcum powder, doxycycline or bleomycin destroy the meso-thelial cell layer and incite pleuritis, adhesions, and destruction of the pleural space. 

Astoul P, Picat-Joossen D, Viallat J, Boutin C. Intrapleural administration of interleukin-2 for the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma a Phase II study. Cancer 1998 83 2099-2104. 

Drugs are administered to animals by parenteral or enteral administration, and topical application. Parenteral administration bypasses the alimentary tract and can be effected by a variety of routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intrapleural injections inhalation and percuta-neously. In intravenous injections, entry of dmgs into the system depends only upon the rate of injection and not on absorption into the bloodstream. As a result, water-soluble poorly absorbed drugs may be readily administered. 

Dicloxacillin is absorbed well from the gastrointestinal tract but the presence of food in the stomach reduces resorption. Although cloxacillin differs chemically from oxacillin only in the presence of a chlorine atom, their absorption profile after oral administration is not similar. Cloxacillin is more rapidly and effectively absorbed than oxacillin. However, absorption of all isoxazolyl penicillins is better when given by intramuscular injection. These agents can be also administered by intravenous, intrauterine, intra-articular, intrapleural, and intramammary injections. 

Neuromuscular paralysis This side effect most often results after direct intraperitoneal or intrapleural application of large doses of aminoglycosides. The mechanism responsible is a decrease in both the release of acetylcholine from prejunctional nerve endings and the sensitivity of the postsynaptic site. Patients with myasthenia gravis are particularly at risk. Prompt administration of calcium gluconate or neostigmine can reverse the block. 

Kawaoka T, Yoshino S, Hazama S, Tangoku A, Oka M. [Clinical evaluation of intrapleural or peritoneal administration of lentinan and OK-432 for malignant effusion.] Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2003 30(ll) 1562-5. 

Godley PJ, Bell RC. Major hemorrhage following administration of intrapleural streptokinase. Chest 1984 86(3) 486-7. 

A number of experiments have been conducted on the intrapleural and intraperitoneal administration of erionite in mice and rats. These experiments have all been positive, showing a very high mesothelioma yield (90% or above) for amounts of erionite above 0.5 or 1 mg. For higher doses, the time of appearance of tumors was decreased. Other tumors at the site of inoculation as well as lymphomas have been occasionally reported. 

Acute neuromuscular blockade and apnea have been attributed to the aminoglycosides patients with myasthenia gravis are particularly susceptible. In humans, neuromuscular blockade generally has occurred after intrapleural or intraperitoneal instillation of large doses of an aminoglycoside, but the reaction can follow intravenous, intramuscular, and even oral administration. Neuromuscular blockade may be reversed with calcium gluconate infusion. 

Morphine is absorbed after administration via the trachea, uterus, and the bladder. The compound is taken up by the circulation after intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrapleural, or intraperitoneal injection. Powdered morphine can enter the circulation from the raw surface after deliberate removal of the epidermis. Absorption occurs after instillation into the conjunctival sac. Sufficient careful work has not been done to compare the characteristics of these diverse modes of giving morphine (1). 

Care of the patient receiving an antineoplastic drug depends on factors such as the drug or combination of dru given, the dos e of the dru, tlie route of administration, the patient s physical response to tlierapy, the response of the tumor to chemotlierapy, and tlie type and severity of adverse reactions. Some dru may be administered by various rout, depending on tlie cancer being treated. Fbr example tliiotepa may be administered by the intravenous route for breast cancer, intravesical route for superficial bladder cancer, intrapleural route for malignant pleural effusions, and by tlie intraperitoneal route for ovarian cancer. 

The routes of antibacterial administration were oral, intraperitoneal, oesophageal, intraluminal, retroperitoneal, intramuscular, intrapleural, cystic, beneath skin flaps, extradural and intravenous. Later reports involve ... 

Laisaar T, Pullerits T. Effect of intrapleural streptokinase administration on antistreptokinase antibody level in patients with loculated pleural effusions. Chest (2003) 123, 432-5. 

Finally, also the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the EO from Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae) leaves were reported by a Brazilian author group. The EO proved to be significantly antinociceptive in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, as well in the formalin test, and also in both phases of the paw-licking test, and in the hot-plate test. The exudate volume after intrapleural injection of carrageenan was significantly reduced as well as the leukocyte mobilization by administration of this oil 4 h before the start of the study (Sousa et al., 2008). 

Sterman D, Molnar-Kimber K, Iyengar T, et al. A pilot study for systemic corticosteroid administration in conjunction with intrapleural adenoviral vector administration in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Gene Ther 2000 7 1511-1518. 

---