Leukocyte mobility

The release of iron from ferritin can be induced by different factors. In 1984, Biemond et al. [159] have shown that stimulated leukocytes mobilize iron from human and horse ferritin. Release of iron was induced by superoxide because SOD inhibited this process. Similarly, the release of iron from ferritin can be induced by xanthine oxidase [160] this process is believed to induce ischemia and inflammation. Under anerobic conditions xanthine oxidase is also able to stimulate iron release from ferritin through superoxide-independent mechanism [161]. Another physiological free radical nitric oxide also stimulates iron release from ferritin [162],... 

Echinacea extracts appear to stimulate the number and activity of immune cells (i.e., increasing physiological levels of tumor necrosis factor and other cytokines) and to increase leukocyte mobility and phagocytosis. The extracts also have antiviral and antiinflammatory properties and inhibit bacterial hyaluronidase. 

The majority of the published literature about echinacea focuses on the plant s activity as an immunostimulant. In many in vitro studies, echinacea extracts have been shown to stimulate phagocytosis, increase leukocyte mobility, and increase cellular respiration. Lipophilic extracts appear to be more active than hydrophilic extracts (Anonymous, 1996). 

Peptides containing the RGD sequence can also be used in cancer diagnostics due to then-ability of interacting with integrins that are responsible parts for platelet adhesion, activation, and leukocyte mobility and for cancer cell dissemination. As a consequence, RGD peptides and RGD mimetics bind to cancer cells and can be used for diagnosis (Sivolapenko et al. 1998). 

Finally, also the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the EO from Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae) leaves were reported by a Brazilian author group. The EO proved to be significantly antinociceptive in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, as well in the formalin test, and also in both phases of the paw-licking test, and in the hot-plate test. The exudate volume after intrapleural injection of carrageenan was significantly reduced as well as the leukocyte mobilization by administration of this oil 4 h before the start of the study (Sousa et al., 2008). 

Kulapongs, P., Edelman, R. Suskind, R. M., and Olson, R. E. (1977a) Defective local leukocyte mobilization in children with kwashiorkor. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30 367. 

Biemond, P., Van Eijk, H.G., Swaak, A.J.G. and Koster, J.F. (1984). Iron mobilization from ferritin by superoxide derived from stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Possible mechanism in inflammation diseases. J. Clin. Invest. 73, 1576-1579. 

Indeed, a bDNA assay for diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis was developed and compared with buffy coat microscopy for detection of T brucei in human blood samples (Harris etal., 1996). Two repetitive DNA sequences found only in the T. brucei complex, a 177-bp satellite repeat and the ribosomal mobile element, were selected as targets in the bDNA assay. The assay used the standard bDNA components capture probes, target probes, amplifier molecules, and alkaline phosphatase-labeled probes. Various blood fractions and sample preparation methods were examined. Ultimately, buffy coat samples resulted in the highest sensitivity. Although typanosomes do not infect leukocytes, they cosediment with them. 

An immediate response to dust inhalation is the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) across epithelial—endothelial junctions to the alveolar space (see Fig. 3.6). Macrophages release a chemotactic factor that mobilizes and attracts PMNs from the pulmonary blood. However, the initial PMN accumulation clears rapidly. 

Transient acneiform eruptions have been noted early in lithium treatment. Some of them subside with temporary discontinuance of treatment and do not recur with its resumption. Folliculitis is less dramatic and probably occurs more frequently. Leukocytosis is always present during lithium treatment, probably reflecting a direct effect on leukopoiesis rather than mobilization from the marginal pool. This adverse effect has now become a therapeutic effect in patients with low leukocyte counts. 

Benelli, R., Barbero, A., Ferrini, S., Scapini, P., Cassatella, M., Bussolino, F., Tacchetti, C., Noonan, D. M., and Albini, A. (2000). Human immunodeficiency virus transactivator protein (Tat) stimulates chemotaxis, calcium mobilization, and activation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes Implications for Tat-mediated pathogenesis./. Infect. Dis. 182, 1643-1651. 

Goldman, D. W., Ghang, F. H., Gifford, L. A., Goetzl, E. J., and Bourne, H. R. (1985). Pertussis toxin inhibition of chemotactic factor-induced calcium mobilization and function in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. / Exp. Med. 162, 145-156. 

Chemokines A large family of cytokines having a wide variety of biological actions that are generally associated with inducing mobilization and activation of immune cells a contraction of chemotactic cytokines. See Atkins, PC. and Wasserman, S.I., Chemotactic mediators, Clin. Rev. Allergy 1, 385-395, 1983 Hayashi, H., Honda, M., Shimokawa, Y., and Hirashima, M., Chemotactic factors associated with leukocyte emigration in immune tissue injury their separation, characterization, and functional specificity. 

Thirdly, there are the selectins, a family of Ca Mependent carbohydrate-binding proteins which function to control leukocyte interactions with vascular endothelium (Tedder et al, 1995). There are three closely related members of the selectin family, namely L (leukocyte)-, P (platelet)-, and E (endothelial)-selectin. P-selectin is expressed in the Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells and in the a-granules of platelets. It is rapidly mobilized to the sur ce of endothelial cells and platelets in response to a variety of inflammatory agents such as fiuombin, histamine, complement factors, fiee radicals and cytokines (Tedder et al, 1995). P-selectin mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells. Platelets can be bound to the endothelium indirectly by adhering to leukocytes bound to the endothelium. 

Hammer R, Dahlgren C, Stendahl O. Inhibition of human leukocyte metabohsm and random mobility by local anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985 29(5) 520-3. 

Most hematological adverse effects associated with trimethoprim have been reported with co-trimoxazole. These include macrocytic and megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, neutropenia, hypersegmentation of leukocytes, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia (12,61-63,75-79). Sulfonamides alone have not been associated with folate deficiency, but in combination with trimethoprim they can deplete folate stores in patients with preexisting deficiency of folate or vitamin B12 (80). Treatment with co-trimoxazole can impair the function of mobilized autologous peripheral blood stem cells (81). 

Neoplastic Diseases. The occurrence of conditioned deficiency of zinc in patients with neoplastic diseases will obviously depend upon the nature of the neoplasm. Anorexia and starvation, plus avoidance of foods rich in available zinc, are probably important conditioning factors. An increased excretion of zinc subsequent to its mobilization by leukocyte endogenous mediator (LEM) in response to tissue necrosis may be another factor. 

Leukocyte proteases may be released if serum is allowed to sit on the clot too long after blood drawing. These proteases then form complexes with AAT, altering both electrophoretic mobility and in some cases immunochemical quantification. Bacterial contamination and release of... 

The influence of DHA on leukocyte signaling has focused on several membrane proteins, including surface receptors, ion channels, kinases, phosphatases, and phospholipases. Here, we examine three examples germane to leukocytes tlie interleukin-2 receptor (IL2R), protein kinase C, and calcium channels (i.e., calcium mobilization). 

After bacteria actually have invaded the bladder mucosa, an inflammatory response is stimulated with the mobilization of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and resulting phagocytosis. PMNs are primarily responsible for limiting the tissue invasion and controlling the spread of infection in the bladder and kidney. They do not play a role in preventing bladder colonization or infections and actually contribute to renal tissne damage. 

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