Bi-layer cells

Micellar. By dispersing a surfactant and often a polymer, one may obtain a small assembly with diverse structures. The most well known is a liposome, generally represented by a bi-layer cell like structure. However, the structure can range from a stable emulsion to complex multi-layer vesicles. 

Bi-layer cells are those with the two photo active semiconducting components placed one over another, for example a conjugated polymer as electron donor (polyphenylenevinylene) and an acceptor (red emitting polyfluorene) with PCE = 1.5%. 

Huang W and Gopalan S. Bi-layer structures as solid oxide fuel cell interconnections. J. Power Sources 2006 154 180-183. 

Zhang X, Robertson M, Deces-Petit C, Xie Y, Hui R, Qu W et al. Solid oxide fuel cells with bi-layered electrolyte structure. J. Power Sources 2008 175 800-805. 

Yang D, Zhang X, Nikumb S, Deces-Petit C, Hui R, Marie R et al. Low temperature solid oxide fuel cells with pulsed laser deposited bi-layer electrolyte. J. Power Sources 2007 164 182-188. 

Monensin belongs to the family of polyether ionophores. These compounds consist of a series of tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydro-pyran rings and have a carboxyl group that forms neutral salts with alkali metal cations. Their three-dimensional structure presents a lipophilic hydrocarbon exterior with the cation encircled in the oxygen-rich interior. They probably act by transporting cations through the lipid bi-layer of cell membranes, thereby preventing the concentration of potassium by the cells. Evidence for this is... 

Underpotential and overpotential deposition of Bi on Au(lll) have been studied applying in situ STM [453]. It has been found that the adsorbed bismuth lifts the reconstruction of the Au(lll) surface, leading to the formation of Au islands at potentials more cathodic than 0.170 V versus SCE. Atomic images of UPD Bi layer have shown the formation of a nearly rectangular unit cell of dimension 0.39 0.02 X 0.43 0.02 nm. 

Spectroelectrochemistry with a thin-layer cell is used to determine the formal potential of a redox system. The absorption curves in Fig. 9.3 were obtained with a thin-layer cell containing a solution of jTclll(dmpe)2Br2]+ (dmpe = l,2-bis(dimethylphosphine)ethane) in 0.5 M Et4NCl04-DMF [4]. On each curve is... 

The initial and final conditions of a cell or a cell stack must be defined. A bi-layer of the electrolyte and electrode is fabricated at a high temperature and it is then cooled to room temperature. Thus, to calculate the residual stress in a cell at room temperature, the fabrication temperature and room temperature must be defined as the initial and final conditions. 

Numerical calculations for the residual stresses in the anode-supported cells are carried out using ABAQUS. After modeling the geometry of the cell of the electro-lyte/anode bi-layer, the residual thermal stresses at room temperature are calculated. The cell model is divided into 10 by 10 meshes in the in-plane direction and 20 submeshes in the out-plane direction. In the calculation, it is assumed that both the electrolyte and anode are constrained each other below 1400°C and that the origin of the residual stresses in the cell is only due to the mismatch of TEC between the electrolyte and anode. The model geometry is 50 mm x 50 mm x 2 mm. The mechanical properties and cell size used for the stress calculation are listed in Table 10.5. 

We created an alternative to Spirin s continuous-flow cell-free (CFCF) protein synthesis method of cell-free translation by employing an innovative bi-layer (17) method without the use of any membrane... 

Living, bi-layered skin substitute containing type 1 bovine collagen Extracted and purified from bovine tendons and viable allogeneic human fibroblast and keratinocytes cells isolated from human infant foreskin... 

Fig. 18. Geometric structure of orthorhombic M0O3 with netplane stacking along the (010) direction. Molybdenum (oxygen) centers are shown by large (small) balls where those of the topmost bi-layer are shaded in light/dark gray. Non-equivalent oxygen centers, 0(1, 2, 3), are labeled accordingly. An elementary unit cell of the crystal is included to the right.

The RBC in a human vascular system are biconcave discs 2.5-pjn thick at the edge and 1-mm thick at the center (see Figure 26.34). They can be envisaged as soft bags containing hemoglobin [18]. A membrane provides the cell with its shape, strength, and flexibility. They consist of hpid bi-layer supported by an extensive filament-like protein network, which is called the cytoskeleton. The mechanical properties of the individual blood cells produce various types of RBCs collective behavior, which considerably influence the entire blood system [18]. 

Fu X Z, Luo J-L, Sanger A R, Xu Z-R and Chuang K T (2010), Fabrication of bi-layered proton conducting membrane for hydrocarbon solid oxide fuel cell... 

Zaulyanov L, KirsnerRS. A review of a bi-layered living cell treatment (Apligraf ) in the treatment of venous leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers. Clin Interv Aging 2007 2 93-8. 

We should evaluate our observations on the asymmetrical composition of the plasma membrane by assuming that the "statistical mean surface" of the cell represents a datum. Microelectrode work indicates that we should retain our concept of a contiguous lipid bi-layer over the entire cell. However, a part of the cell surface, or even the entire cell, may for brief periods expose the naked cytoplasm to the environment (CHAMBERS 6e CHAMBERS, 1961). Regeneration or biosynthesis of the membrane from pre-formed sub-assemblies in the cytoplasm can be achieved in a very brief period, as if in quantum increases (BARASSI 6e BAZAN, 1974 TB S ad., 1974). Nature has invented a very flexible apparatus to maintain or build whatever membrane is required at specific times. The liquid crystalline state of the bi-layer and the presumed fluidity of its constituent molecules are seemingly well adapted to such requirements. 

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