Nude rats

It has already been noted that the temperature sensitivity of developmental route is different for different isofemale lines when compared at one time point in an infection (Fig. 5.4). If this sensitivity is considered through an infection, it can be seen that the sensitivity increases during an infection (Fig. 5.5) (Harvey et al., 2000) here the difference in the proportion of larvae that develop into free-living females and iL3s at 19 and at 25°C becomes greater as an infection progresses. However, if the temperature sensitivity of larvae passed from immunologically intact animals is compared with that of larvae passed from hypothymic (nude) rats, it can be... 

Fig. 5.6. Best-fit regression lines of AHi (the difference in homogonic index Hi between worms developing at 25 and 19°C) through an infection in normal ( ) or hypothymic (nude) ( ) rats for the isofemale line ED5 Homogonic. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals. Some error bars are smaller than the symbol.

Vos, J.G., Ruitenberg, E.J., Van Basten, N., Buys, J., Elgersma, A. and Kruizinga, W. (1983) The athymic nude rat. IV. Immunocytochemical study to detect T-cells, and immunological and histopathological reactions against Trichinella spiralis. Parasite Immunology 5, 195—215. 

Sundin A, Ahlstrom H, Graf W, Magnusson A (1994) Computed tomography of experimental liver metastases using an iodinated hepatocyte-specific lipid emulsion a correlative study in the nude rat. Invest Radiol 29 963... 

For growth of rat hybridomas as ascites, we recommend the use of nude rats, since these have low levels of endogenous immunoglobulins (<1 mg/mL) and can yield up to 30 mL of ascitic fluid/rat (1—5 mg/mL specific antibody)... 

Excised epidermis Solutes used in excised epidermal studies are also predominantly low-MW polar solutes, as shown in Table 3. However, in a number of studies, the iontophoretic transport of uncharged solutes has also been demonstrated. The phenomenon of electro-osmotic flow will be discussed further in Section II.C. Excised skin used in transdermal studies includes hairless mouse, nude rat, shed snake skin, and human epidermis. The human epidermis is used in one of two forms, dermatomed [28,29] or heat separated [30]. 

Del Terzo et al. [64] compared the iontophoretic permeation enhancement of a homologous series of ionized (n-alkanoic acids) and nonionized (/i-alkanols) compounds in furry rat skin and nude rat skin. The furry rat skin provided a higher enhancement than nude rat, although the effect was moderate. It was further noted that the advantage of the furry rat skin declined as the permeants became more lipophilic. Furthermore, Siddiqui et al. [65] reported that in vivo iontophoretic deliveiy of insulin through hairless rat skin was found to be comparable to that through the furry rat skin. 

Figure 9 (A) lontophoretic flux of various cations across excised pig skin versus molecular weight. The donor concentration was 1.0 M of drug as chloride salt. (Data from Ref. 108.) Key. ( ) monovalent ions, (O) divalent ions. (B) Normalized cathodal iontophoretic flux of anionic solutes across hairless mice versus molecular weight. (Data from Ref. 109.) (C) Cathodal iontophoretic permeability coefficient of alkanoic acid across nude rat skin versus molecular weight. (From Ref. 64.) (D) Comparison of transport number and molecular weight in human epidermis.

Ohaslii T, Hanabuclii S, Kato H, Koya Y, Takemura F, Hirokawa K, Yoshiki T, Tanaka Y Fuji M, Kannagi M (1999) hrduchon of adult T-cell leukemia-like lymphoproliferahve disease and its inliibition by adoptive immunotlieraphy in T-cell-deficient nude rats inoculated witli syngeneic human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-immortalized cells. J Virol 73 6031-6040. 

Pollina J, Plunkett RJ, Ciesielski MJ, Lis A, Barone TA, Greenberg SJ, Fenstermaker RA (1998) Intratumoral infusion of topotecan prolongs survival in the nude rat intracranial U87 human ghoma model. J Neurooncol 39 217-225. 

Liu et al. (142) investigated the effect of different particle sizes of activated carbon (0.14-0.24, 0.4-0.6, and 0.7-1.5 pm) on lymphatic distribution following intrapleural administration in healthy immune competent rats, immune competent rats following pneumonectomy, and nude rats with metastatic lung cancer. The activated carbon... 

Complexity is seen in different models. Parathyroid hormone-related protein and Ca have conflicting actions in a nude rat model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. In differentiated Caco cells, there is upregulation of P450 27B1 expression by la,25-dihydroxyvita-min Dj and epidermal growth factor, but down-regulation in less differentiated Caco cell lines . 

Michigami, X, H. Yamato, H. Suzuki, Y. Nagai-Itagaki, K. Sato, and K. Ozono (2001). Conflicting actions of parathyroid hormone-related protein and serum calcium as regulators of 25-hydroxyvitamin Dj-la-hydroxylase expression in a nude rat model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. J. Endocrinol. 171, 249-257. 

Clinical applications of photoimmunotherapy have been sparse, probably because of the complexity of the approach. It was reported that photoimmuno-conjugates of Mabs recognizing CA125 on human ovarian cancer cells were used in humans [89,90]. In this study, selective photocytotoxicity to target cells in vitro and in vivo in a tumor bearing nude rat model was shown and 3 patients with advanced ovarian cancer were treated. The group (Hahn and co-workers) at the University of Pennsylvania continues to develop the treatment for cancer in the peritoneal cavity. 

Figure 15.1 through Figure 15.6 show skin permeability coefficient measurements from hairless mouse, hairless rat, rat, shed snake, and the lesser-studied animals (guinea pig, marmoset, rabbit, pig, dog, mouse, nude rat) plotted as a function of log In Figure 15.1 to Figure 15.4 and Figure 15.6, compounds that were more than 90% ionized are identified by the form of the dominant ionic species (that is, cation, anion, or zwitterion) and labeled as excluded. Ionized species with undetermined log are plotted to the left of the dashed vertical line located at log = -6.0. Cations are plotted at log = -6.5, anions at log = -7.0, and zwitterions at log = -7.5. A few permeability coefficient measurements that are... 

For paraquat, the order of increasing permeability is marmoset, nude rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig. 

Neuwelt EA, Barnett PA, McCormick Cl, Remsen LG, KroU RA, Sexton G. Differential permeability of a human brain tumor xenograft in the nude rat impact of tumor size and method of administration on optimizing delivery of biologically diverse agents. Clin Cancer Res 1998 4 1549-1555. 

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