Intraocular

Pilocarpine is being less used in medicine as a diaphoretic in dropsy and similar diseases because of its depressant action on the heart. It has also been employed as a substitute for physostigmine to contract the pupil and reduce intraocular pressure. It has been used as an antidote to atropine, but it does not antagonise the action of atropine in the central nervous system. 

G.J. (gastrointestinal). Refers to the digestive system. Glaucoma. Increased intraocular pressure. 

Muscarinic agonists and antagonists are used for the treatment of a variety of pathophysiological conditions. For example, muscarinic agonists (pilocarpine, carba-chol, or aceclidine) reduce intraocular pressure when... 

For example, PGF201 agonists such as latanaprost have been developed as eyedrops to reduce intraocular pressure for the treatment of glaucoma. Topical instillation of these agonists is effective in lowering intraocular pressure and may be used as a first-line therapy for the treatment of glaucoma. 

VEGF inhibitors have demonstrated a marked clinical benefit also in wet AMD. Blockade of all VEGF-A isoforms and bioactive fragmemts with ranibizumab not only slowed down vision loss, but unexpectedly appears to have the potential to enable many AMD patients to obtain a meaningful and sustained gain of vision. Further research is needed to determine whether the vision gain conferred by ranibizumab extends beyond 24 months and whether additional intraocular neovascular syndromes may benefit from this treatment. 

When a -adrenergic blocking ophthalmic preparation, such as timolol, is administered to patients with glaucoma, it is important to insist that they have periodic follow-up examinations by an ophthalmologist. At these examinations, the intraocular pressure should be measured to determine the effectiveness of drug therapy. 

Adapted from Nursing94, line, Intraocular Drug Administration, pp. 44-45, which was adapted trom Giving drugs by advanced techniques [1993], Springhouse, PA Springhouse Corp.)... 

The miscellaneous anticonvulsants are used cautiously in patients with glaucoma or increased intraocular pressure a history of cardiac, renal or liver dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. When the miscellaneous anticonvulsants are used with other CNS depressants (eg, alcohol, narcotic analgesics, and antidepressants), an additive CNS depressant effect may occur. 

As with all antidepressants, the TCAs are used cautiously in patients witii hepatic or renal impairment. The tricyclics are used cautiously in patients witii heart disease, angina, paroxysmal tachycardia, increased intraocular pressure, prostatic hypertrophy, or a history of seizures. 

Open-angle glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, preoperatively to lower Intraocular pressure (IOP), edema due to CHF, drug-induced edema, centrencephalic epilepsy Glaucoma... 

The term generic indicates the drug is available in generic form. CHF, congestive heart failure IOP, intraocular pressure. 

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that produces free hydrogen ions, which are then exchanged for sodium ions in the kidney tubules. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the action of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase This effect results in the excretion of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and water. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors also decrease the production of aqueous humor in the eye, which in turn decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) (ie, the pressure within the eye). 

Miscellaneous—hypersensitivity reactions, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, increased susceptibility to infection, cushingoid appearance (eg, moon face, buffalo hump, hirsutism), cataracts, and increased intraocular pressure. 

Posterior subcapsular cataracts, increased intraocular pressure, glaucoma, exophthalmos... 

Various types of preparations are used for the treatment of ophthalmic (eye) disorders such as glaucoma to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP), bacteria or viral infections of the eye, inflammatory conditions, and symptoms of allergy related to the eye... 

Hlostat, generic intraocular tension Gel apply a 0.5-inch ribbon in... 

Medicine has made major advances in the past 50 or so years partly by the use of devices to improve patient health. These devices include artificial hearts and pacemakers, machines for artificial kidney dialysis, replacement joints for hips, knees, and fingers, and intraocular lenses. These devices need to survive in sustained contact with blood or living tissue. 

The intraocular pressure depends primarily on the rate of secretion of aqueous humour. The most notable con-stititutional difference between aqueous humour and blood plasma lies in their protein contents. Protein concentration in the aqueous is 5-15 mg/100 ml, and that of the plasma is 1000-fold greater (6-7 g/100 ml). However, all the plasma proteins are present in aqueous humour - albeit at very low concentrations, therefore it is... 

---