Glaucoma intraocular pressure

Keywords Glaucoma, Intraocular pressure, Optic nerve. Retinal ganglion cell... 

E.Y. Chow, A.L. Chlebowski, P.P. Irazoqui, A miniature-implantable RF-wireless active glaucoma intraocular pressure monitor, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 4 (2010) 340-349. 

G.J. (gastrointestinal). Refers to the digestive system. Glaucoma. Increased intraocular pressure. 

For example, PGF201 agonists such as latanaprost have been developed as eyedrops to reduce intraocular pressure for the treatment of glaucoma. Topical instillation of these agonists is effective in lowering intraocular pressure and may be used as a first-line therapy for the treatment of glaucoma. 

When a -adrenergic blocking ophthalmic preparation, such as timolol, is administered to patients with glaucoma, it is important to insist that they have periodic follow-up examinations by an ophthalmologist. At these examinations, the intraocular pressure should be measured to determine the effectiveness of drug therapy. 

The miscellaneous anticonvulsants are used cautiously in patients with glaucoma or increased intraocular pressure a history of cardiac, renal or liver dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. When the miscellaneous anticonvulsants are used with other CNS depressants (eg, alcohol, narcotic analgesics, and antidepressants), an additive CNS depressant effect may occur. 

Open-angle glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, preoperatively to lower Intraocular pressure (IOP), edema due to CHF, drug-induced edema, centrencephalic epilepsy Glaucoma... 

Posterior subcapsular cataracts, increased intraocular pressure, glaucoma, exophthalmos... 

Various types of preparations are used for the treatment of ophthalmic (eye) disorders such as glaucoma to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP), bacteria or viral infections of the eye, inflammatory conditions, and symptoms of allergy related to the eye... 

It has been revealed that cannabinoids exhibit neuroprotectant activities in both in vitro and in vivo models [249]. The neuroprotective effects are mainly based on regulation of transmitter release, modulation of calcium homeostasis, anti-oxidant properties and modulation of immune responses. A number of neurological disorders, including brain trauma, cerebral ischaemia, Parkinson s disease and Alzheimer s disease represent possible therapeutic areas for cannabinoids with neuroprotective properties. Cannabinoids are also suggested to have potential against glaucoma due to their neuroprotective nature and lowering of intraocular pressure [250]. 

An initial target intraocular pressure should be set at 20% lower than the patient s baseline intraocular pressure. The target intraocular pressure can be set lower (30% to 50% of baseline intraocular pressure) for patients that already have severe disease or have normal-tension glaucoma. 

DE Silverstone, D Arkfeld, G Cowarn. (1985). Long term diurnal control of intraocular pressure with levobunolol and with timolol. Glaucoma 7 138-140. 

All of the following drugs are used topically in the treatment of chronic wide-angle glaucoma. Which of these agents reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing the formation of the aqueous humor ... 

L The answer is b. (Hardman, pp 166-167.) Echothiophate iodide is a long-acting (irreversible) cholinesterase inhibitor. It is used topically in the eye for the treatment of various types of glaucoma. Maximum reduction of intraocular pressure occurs within 24 h, and the effect may persist for several days. The drug is a water-soluble compound, which affords it a practical advantage over the lip id-soluble isofluorphate (another cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat glaucoma). 

In open-angle glaucoma, the specific cause of optic neuropathy is unknown. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) was historically considered to be the sole cause. Additional contributing factors include increased susceptibility of the optic nerve to ischemia, reduced or dysregulated blood flow, excitotoxicity, autoimmune reactions, and other abnormal physiologic processes. 

A marked increase in intraocular pressure is known as glaucoma and results in hardness of the eye, atrophy of the retina, cupping of the optic disk and ultimate blindness. Atropine will cause a rise of intraocular pressure and D.F.P. will reduce intraocular pressure (see p. 195). 

In the early 1970s, cannabis was noted to reduce intraocular pressure in people with glaucoma (Cooler and Gregg 1977). In a controlled study, THC decreased intraocular pressure an average of 37%, with maximum decreases at 51% of baseline. Concurrent increases in heart rate were also observed. The mechanism of this effect of THC is uncertain. 

Another potential clinical application of potent, peripherally acting DA agonists is the lowering of intraocular pressure in, for example, glaucoma [18]. There is in vivo and in vitro evidence that dopamine receptors might modulate the intraocular pressure. The influence of both agonists and antagonists for D1 and D2 receptors has been studied. Some human data are also available [19]. 

Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces aqueous humour production and is therefore indicated in glaucoma to reduce the intraocular pressure. Salbutamol is a selective, short-acting beta2-agonist used as a bronchodilator in asthma. Tolbutamide is a short-acting sulphonylurea used in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Chlorpromazine is an aliphatic neuroleptic antipsychotic drug used in schizophrenia. Zafirlukast is a leukotriene-receptor antagonist that is indicated in the prophylaxis of asthma but should not be used to relieve acute severe asthma. 

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