Intraocular penetration injections

Cremophore EL Cremophore EL, a polyethoxylated castor oil used as a vehicle in various intravenous injections, has also been found to enhance the intraocular penetration of the drugs. Bijl et al. [83] reported that for Cremophore EL (10% and 20%), flux values of cyclosporine A across the fresh cornea were significantly higher than for corneal tissue without the enhancer for the first 16 h of the experiment. Steady-state flux rates were reached for cyclosporine A across the corneal tissue after approximately 2 h in the presence of 10% and 20% Cremophore EL. This observation can probably be explained on the basis of increased aqueous solubility of cyclosporine A in the presence of this emulsifier. Cremophore EL also improved the penetration of cyclosporine A through the epithelial and stromal layers of the cornea [83],... 

B V ara U is a newly-developed antiviral drug particularly effective to varicella zoster virus. No changes in the b-wave, the c-wave or the oscillatory potentials were induced by an intravitreal injection of 100 pig BV area U or by intravitreal irrigation with 20 pig/m BV ara U. The concentration of BV ara U after an oral administration was much lower in the vitreous than in the serum, which indicates that intraocular penetration of B V ara U is very poor. Furthermore, an enteral use of B V ara U in conjunction with some of antimetabolites reportedly causes serious systemic adverse effects. Therefore, a topical intraocular application of BV ara U is much preferable. 

Intraocular Penetration of Fluconazole after Subconjunctival Injection... 

The present results demonstrate high intraocular penetration of topically administered fluconazole. Fluconazole concentrations reached maximum levels 15 to 30 min after the final instillationof the 1 hour regimen in the conjunctiva, the cornea, the aqueous humor and the iris-ciliary body. Fluconazole also penetrated well into the sclera and the vitreous humor. High fluconazole concentrations were achieved by the single subconjunctival injection in the RPE-choroid as well as in the sclera, except the anterior ocular segments. Because fluconazole is instilled every 30 min or 1 hour in usual clinical use, we investigated its... 

Uveitis treatments can be delivered topically, periocularly, intraocularly or systemically, and there are problems common to all delivery techniques and specific to each delivery method. Compliance with any form of regular medication can be a problem particularly if its administration is associated with discomfort or if its side effects are unpleasant. Some medications, particularly hydrophobic compounds, may cross the blood-retinal barrier poorly, which is an important consideration for all delivery systems except intraocular injections. Topical medications, which have the least side effects, do not penetrate into the posterior segment and are unsuitable for posterior uveitis, which is often sight-threatening. 

Silicone oils have been used as vitreous fluid substitute to treat difficult cases of retinal detachment, such as those complicated with proliferative vitreoretinotherapy, giant retinal tears, and penetrating ocular trauma. The incidence and cause of several visual loss following use and removal of intraocular silicone oil (SiO) after uncomplicated vitrectomy and SiO injection for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (SSD) was investigated. 

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