Intraocular pressure , reduction

Intraocular pressure, reduction in AMS symptoms, serum electrolytes, creatinine,... 

Kashiwagi K., Tsukahara S. Effect of non-steroidal antiinflammatory ophthalmic solution on intraocular pressure reduction by latanoprost. Br J Ophthalmol 2003 87 297-301. 

Intraocular Pressure Reduction at 1 Year by Various Agents Added to Latanoprost... 

A study in 8 healthy subjeets found that the inerease in heart rate during exereise associated with a single 40-mg dose of nicardipine was reduced by one drop of timolol 0.5% put into each eye. Systolic blood pressure was also reduced during concurrent use, but nicardipine did not cause any further reduction in the intraocular pressure reduction produced by timolol. ... 

Intraocular pressure reduction - in vivo (TV, rabbit) at 10.0 mg/animal. 

Intraocular pressure reduction Berberine Isoquinoline alkaloid 614... 

Hydroxypropyl-6-cyclodextrin-acetazolamide-triethanolamine ternary complexes, showed better results in terms of in vitro corneal permeability and in vivo intraocular pressure reduction, in comparison with acetazolamide-triethanolamine complexes [157],... 

L The answer is b. (Hardman, pp 166-167.) Echothiophate iodide is a long-acting (irreversible) cholinesterase inhibitor. It is used topically in the eye for the treatment of various types of glaucoma. Maximum reduction of intraocular pressure occurs within 24 h, and the effect may persist for several days. The drug is a water-soluble compound, which affords it a practical advantage over the lip id-soluble isofluorphate (another cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat glaucoma). 

Drug/Lab test interactions These agents may produce hypoglycemia and interfere with glucose or insulin tolerance tests. Propranolol and betaxolol may interfere with the glaucoma screening test due to a reduction in intraocular pressure. 

Pharmacology Epinephrine, a direct-acting sympathomimetic agent, acts on and receptors. Topical application, therefore, causes conjunctival decongestion (vasoconstriction), transient mydriasis (pupillary dilation), and reduction in intraocular pressure (lOP). It is believed lOP reduction primarily is caused by reduced aqueous production and increased aqueous outflow. The duration of decrease in lOP is 12 to 24 hours. 

Elevated intraocular pressure (lOP) For reduction of elevated lOP in patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension who are intolerant of other lOP-lowering medications or insufficiently responsive to another lOP-lowering medication. 

Fig. 7. Effects of tafluprost (AFP-168) and latanoprost on maximal reduction of intraocular pressure in conscious ocular normotensive monkeys. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2004 Elsevier.

Dorzolamide Hydrochloride is an inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase II. The inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes of the eye decreases the secretion of aqueous humor, with a resulting reduction in intraocular pressure. The drug is formulated as an ophthalmic solution, and administered topically as eyedrops. 

The reduction of aqueous humor formation by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decreases the intraocular pressure. This effect is valuable in the management of glaucoma, making it the most common indication for use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (dorzolamide, brinzolamide) are available and reduce intraocular pressure without producing detectable plasma levels. Thus, diuretic and systemic metabolic effects are eliminated for the topical agents. 

A long list of potential therapeutic effects was recorded for THC, including analgesic, bron-chodilatory, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory action, reduction of intraocular pressure, and alleviation of some neurological conditions (such as seizure disorders, spasticity associated with spinal cord injuries, and multiple sclerosis) (Mechoulam et al., 1994). 

Muscarinic cholinomimetics mediate contraction of the circular pupillary constrictor muscle and of the ciliary muscle. Contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscle causes miosis, a reduction in pupil size. Miosis is usually present in patients exposed to large systemic or small topical doses of cholinomimetics, especially organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors. Ciliary muscle contraction causes accommodation of focus for near vision. Marked contraction of the ciliary muscle, which often occurs with cholinesterase inhibitor intoxication, is called cyclospasm. Ciliary muscle contraction also puts tension on the trabecular meshwork, opening its pores and facilitating outflow of the aqueous humor into the canal of Schlemm. Increased outflow reduces intraocular pressure, a very useful result in patients with glaucoma. All of these effects are prevented or reversed by muscarinic blocking drugs such as atropine. 

---