Intraocular proliferation

Tano Y, Sugita G, Abrams C, Machemer R. Inhibition of intraocular proliferation with intravitreal corticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol 1980 89 131-136. 

Tano Y, Chandler DB, McCuen BW, Machemer. Glucocorticosteroid inhibition of intraocular proliferation after injury. Am J Ophthalmol 1981 91 184-189. 

The use of intravitreal corticosteroids was first popularized by Machemer in 1979 (33) in an effort to halt cellular proliferation after retinal detachment surgery, and Graham (34), McCuen (35), Tano (36), and others have studied its use in both animal models and humans. In contrast to other corticosteroids with short half-lives following intravitreal injection, triamcinolone acetonide is an effective and well-tolerated (35,37) agent for intravitreal injection in conditions such as uveitis (38,39), macular edema secondary to ocular trauma or retinal vascular disease (40), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (41), intraocular proliferation such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (42), and choroidal neovascularization from AMD (43,44). 

Efficacy. Corticosteroids have an inhibitory effect on the growth of fibroblasts (47,48). Triamcinolone acetonide inhibits experimental intraocular proliferation in rabbits (36). Intravitreal injection of 1 mg of triamcinolone significantly reduced both retinal neovascularization and retinal detachment in an experimentally induced rabbit model (36). A 4-mg intravitreal triamcinolone injection inhibited preretinal and optic nerve head neovascularization in a pig model of iatrogenic branch vein occlusion all untreated eyes developed neovascularization by six weeks (49). Intravitreal triamcinolone is also a potent inhibitor of laser-induced CNV in a rat model however, this animal model may not be ideal since laser-induced CNV may be caused by a traumatic repair process or inflammatory response and may be more susceptible to steroids than neovascularization in human disease states (50). In addition, the intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide was administered at the time of laser treatment thus, the treatment may only inhibit new vessel formation and not existing neovascularization. 

Machemer R, Sugita G, Tano Y. Treatment of intraocular proliferations with intravitreal steroids. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1979 77 171-180. 

Tano Y, Chandler D, Machemer R. Treatment of intraocular proliferation with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Am J Ophthalmol 1980 90(6) 810 816. 

Schiraldi et al. [64] have developed this kind of material by combining silica particles and pHEMA. pHEMA is a biocompatible hydrogel that has been widely studied in the past decades due to its chemical-physical structure and mechanical properties. It has been widely used in ophthalmic prostheses (contact or intraocular lenses), vascular prostheses, drug delivery systems and soft-tissue replacement [65]. These authors have shown that by incorporating silica nanoparticles, the resulting hybrid material is highly biocompatible and promotes bone cell adhesion and proliferation of bone cells seeded on it.1 ... 

Again, it should be noted that most of these effects of FGF have been observed in vitro and cannot be extrapolated to the in vivo situation, in which many other FGF-responsive cells and other factors interacting with FGF provide complications. Lewis et al. (1992), for example, have shown that intraocular injection of FGF induces proliferation of a variety of nonneural cells (glial, vascular, epithelial, etc.). Such a multiplicity of effects could certainly be expected in many other organs or systems exposed to FGFs. 

As in the case of hydrogels, SELP-47K films have been demonstrated to be extremely biocompatible while allowing cell proliferation [65]. This biocompatible feature, together with mechanical properties, allows SELPs to be explored for several applications, namely contact lenses, synthetic corneas, intraocular lenses, ophthalmic drug delivery matrices, and so on. Although methanol is routinely used to render aqueous insolubility as well as to improve the mechanical properties, autoclaving has been shown to stabilize electrospun nanoflbres and therefore can be an alternative nonchemical method for the stabilization of the film stmcture. 

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