Intoxication topic intoxications

The environmental applications of the RDE process are especially attractive. The high surface area achieved with the RDE technology provides fast and complete removal of contaminants when aqueous phases are treated with a low toxic content, such as in industrial waste streams (Touati et al., 2006). Some more ingenious applications of the RDE have been recently investigated and extended to life sciences. Their suitability has been demonstrated in vitro for a large variety of molecules in drug overdose trials of both oral and topical intoxications (Assouly et al., 2003. Flamoudeh et al., 2006 Frasca et al., 2006). 

Salicylism and death have occurred following topical application. In an adult, 1 g of a topically applied 6% salicylic acid preparation will raise the serum salicylate level not more than 0.5 mg/dL of plasma the threshold for toxicity is 30-50 mg/dL. Higher serum levels are possible in children, who are therefore at a greater risk for salicylism. In cases of severe intoxication, hemodialysis is the treatment of choice (see Chapter 58). It is advisable to limit both the total amount of salicylic acid applied and the frequency of application. Urticarial, anaphylactic, and erythema multiforme reactions may occur in patients who are allergic to salicylates. Topical use may be associated with local irritation, acute inflammation, and even ulceration with the use of high concentrations of salicylic acid. Particular care must be exercised when using the drug on the extremities of patients with diabetes or peripheral vascular disease. 

In addition to references on these topics, a separate reference section is devoted to other E P materials. Information related to human health effects is emphasized in this article. Included are the mostly qualitative accounts, by industrial or military physicians, of human intoxication documentation of mammalian toxicity expts and the results of microbial mutagenicity testing, a comparatively recent development. Brief summaries have been presented of the results of tests on aquatic organisms because of their sensitivity to the pollutants that surround them, such organisms provide responses indicative of water quality... 

Muscarinic cholinomimetics mediate contraction of the circular pupillary constrictor muscle and of the ciliary muscle. Contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscle causes miosis, a reduction in pupil size. Miosis is usually present in patients exposed to large systemic or small topical doses of cholinomimetics, especially organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors. Ciliary muscle contraction causes accommodation of focus for near vision. Marked contraction of the ciliary muscle, which often occurs with cholinesterase inhibitor intoxication, is called cyclospasm. Ciliary muscle contraction also puts tension on the trabecular meshwork, opening its pores and facilitating outflow of the aqueous humor into the canal of Schlemm. Increased outflow reduces intraocular pressure, a very useful result in patients with glaucoma. All of these effects are prevented or reversed by muscarinic blocking drugs such as atropine. 

The major risk resulting from topical treatment of psoriasis with salicylic acid is the potential chronic or acute systemic intoxication with the symptoms of burning of oral mucosa, frontal headache, CNS symptoms, pH deviation (metabolic acidosis), tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, and gastric symptoms.28-30 These symptoms may occur in topical treatment of large body surfaces, especially in children.31-33 Even lethal cases have been reported.34,35 Therefore, a concentration higher than 10%, and an application on larger surfaces especially in children are not suitable. Salicylic acid should not be applied to more than 20% of the body surface area.13 It should be noted that some topical treatments of psoriasis such as calcipotriol are inactivated by salicylic acid.36... 

Pec, J., M. Strmenova, E. Palencarova, R. Pullmann, S. Funiakova, P. Visnovsky, J. Buchanec, and Z. Lazarova, Salicylate intoxication after use of topical salicylic acid ointment by a patient with psoriasis. Cutis, 1992, 50 307-9. 

Bismuth compounds are used as an antidiarrheal. Topical applications are used in skin disorders. Overdose may cause acute bismuth intoxication but gastric lavage, purgation, use of chelating agents, 2,3-dimercapto-l-propane sulfonic acid, and hemodialysis are steps to be taken.170-172... 

Two types of publications are presented herein. The first set outlines the toxic effects of aluminum compounds on various living systems. The second set, comprised of two papers, deals with the formation and activity of aluminum fluoride compounds. The Volume begins with a chapter by Berend Acute Aluminum Intoxication that outlines the myriad toxic effects aluminum can have once it has by-passed an organisms protective barriers. This occurs in humans, for example, when aluminum salts are used in medicine (a practice that has now been eradicated). The in-depth coverage of this topic provides an excellent background for understanding the chemical interactions associated with aluminum that are described subsequently in Chapters 2-4. 

Promethazine intoxication from topical application has been observed in children (2) and adults (3). Symptoms include disorientation, hallucinations, hyperactivity, convulsions, and coma. 

Vidal Pan C, Gonzalez Quintela A, Galdos Anuncibay P, Mateo Vic J. Topical promethazine intoxication. DICP 1989 23(1) 89. 

The major problem of PPD toxicity results from the ingestion of the compound accidentally, in suicidal or homicidal attempts. However, there are some reported cases of severe intoxication after topical application of... 

Bourgeois M, Dooms-Goossens A, Knockaert D, et al. 1986. Mercury intoxication after topical application of a metallic mercury ointment. Dermatologica 172 48-51. 

With an excessive, single exposure, the result will be either a systemic pesticide poisoning or a topical lesion frequently observed on the skin or in the eyes. Since most acute intoxications are from the carbamate and organoposphate insecticides, the systemic manifestations are cholinergic and are due to the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase and the resultant accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, at the synapse. Topical effects, in contrast, either are the result of the irritant properties of the chemicals in the formulation or have an allergenic basis for their occurrence (3). However, topical effects are not necessarily exclusively the result of exposure to the active ingredient in the formulation but may result from a reaction to one or more inerts as well. 

First, distribution of [3H]Pr-BP in the fly body was examined when topically applied after pretreatment with pb (Figure 2). Since metabolism of Pr-BP is inhibited by the synergist to a great extent, most of radioactivity can be regarded as that of Pr-BP, especially at an early stage of intoxication. The internal Pr-BP level Increased in the thorax and abdomen for 5 h. The head contained about 8% of the total amount of internal Pr-BP at 5 h. It is impossible to determine the site of action from these data but the brain cannot be excluded as a site of action. 

A special issue from this Japanese experience are ocular effects of poisoning with sarin and their treatment. Some authors unsuccessfully treated strong miosis and consequential visual darkness with systemic atropine [15, 29], Others used 0.25% or 1.0% atropine sulphate eye drops, but these patients complained of atropine-induced photophobia and poor focusing [25], Our suggestion for optimal treatment of ocular manifestations of intoxication with organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors is topical use of pralidoxime chloride eye drops instead of atropine [42], Ocular pain should be treated with tropicamide 0.5% [28],... 

Rotenone is an alkaloid botanical pesticide isolated from plants (Denis sp. or Lonchocarpus sp.). It blocks mitochondrial electron transport. It is associated with dermatitis and mucous membrane irritation in humans and is very potent in fish. In humans, intoxication is rare but when present is directed toward the respiratory system. Rotenone is used as a topical ectoparasiticide. As mentioned in the text, it has been implicated as possibly having a role in Parkinson s disease. The newest and by far safest class of insecticides available today are the insect growth inhibitors, such as methoprene (PreCor ), and chitin synthesis inhibitors, such as lufenuron (Program ). 

The major problem of PPD toxicity results from the ingestion of the compound accidentally, in suicidal or homicidal attempts. However, there are some reported cases of severe intoxication after topical application of the pure PPD mixed with henna or for dyeing hair [20] (Figtue 3). Samples of the PPD collected from the local market were found to have a purity of 97% when analyzed [6]. A survey of suicidal attempts in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, in the period 1987-1990 revealed a number of 264 cases, with an age range between 10 to 30 years. In 35% of these cases PPD was used [21]. 

The purpose of this chapter is to use the insights gained in our understanding of the mechanism of BoNT action during the past decade to establish a conceptual framework within which to develop effective treatment strategies for intoxication. The chapter is organized into three major topics consisting of (1) an overview of BoNT action, (2) a description of foodbome, wound, and infant botulism, and (3) a discussion of possible treatment options. 

When used parenterally, neomycin causes renal damage and ototoxicity. It is used topically and for local actions, including gastrointestinal tract infections and sterilization prior to bowel surgery. In hepatic coma, neomycin is used (with decreased protein intake) to suppress col-iform bacteria, thus reducing ammonia intoxication. The answer is (E). 

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